Abstract

Molecular Reproduction and DevelopmentVolume 1, Issue 1 p. 63-75 Review ArticleFree Access Penetrance and low concordance in monozygotic twins in disease: Are they the results of alterations in somatic genomes? Dr. William Kastern, Corresponding Author Dr. William Kastern Hagedorn Research Laboratory, Gentofte, Denmark and Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FloridaBox J-275 JHMHC, Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610Search for more papers by this authorIlona Kryspin-Sorensen, Ilona Kryspin-Sorensen The Danish National Food Agency, Soborg, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author Dr. William Kastern, Corresponding Author Dr. William Kastern Hagedorn Research Laboratory, Gentofte, Denmark and Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FloridaBox J-275 JHMHC, Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610Search for more papers by this authorIlona Kryspin-Sorensen, Ilona Kryspin-Sorensen The Danish National Food Agency, Soborg, DenmarkSearch for more papers by this author First published: 1988 https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080010110Citations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References 1 Tattersall RB, Pyke, DA: Diabetes in identical twins. Lancet 2: 1120– 1125, 1972. 2 Pyke DA: Diabetes: The genetic connections. Diabetologia 17: 333– 343, 1979. 3 Barnett AH, Eff, C, Leslie RDG, Pyke, DA: Diabetes in identical twins—A study of 200 pairs. Diabetologia 20: 87– 93, 1981. 4 Golub ES: Somatic mutation: Diversity and regulation of the immune repertoire. Cell 48: 723– 724, 1987. 5 Fujimoto S, Yamagishi H: Isolation of an excision product of T-cell receptor alpha-chain rearrangements. Nature 327: 242– 243, 1987. 6 DeLap RJ, Rush, M: Change in quantity and size distribution of small circular DNAs during development of chicken bursa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 75: 5855– 5859, 1978. 7 Tsuda T, Yamagishi, H, Ohnishi, N, Yamada, H, Izumi, H, Mori KJ: Extrachromosomal circular DNAs from murine hemopoietic tissue cells. Plasmid 10: 235– 241, 1983. 8 Fujimoto S, Tsuda, T, Toda, M, Yamagishi H: Transposon-like sequences in extrachromosomal circular DNA from mouse thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2072– 2076, 1985. 9 Gebhard T, Meitinger, T, Hochtl, J, Zachau HG: A new family of interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in the mouse genome. J Mol Biol 157: 453– 471, 1982. 10 Davidson A, Sjefner, R, Livneh, A, Diamond B: The role of somatic mutation of immunoglobulin genes in autoimmunity. Annu Rev Immunol 5: 85– 108, 1987. 11 Cook WD, Rudikoff, S, Gusti AM, Scharff, MD: Somatic mutation in a cultured mouse myeloma cell affects antigen binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1240– 1244, 1982. 12 Diamond B, Scharff MD: Somatic mutation of the T15 heavy chain gives rise to an antibody with autoantibody specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 5841– 5844, 1984. 13 Goorha R, Bunin, N, Mirro J, Murphy SB, Cross AH, Behm FG, Quertermous, T, Seidman, J, Kitchingman GR: Provocative pattern of rearrangements of the genes for the gamma- and betachains of the T-cell receptor in human leukemias. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4547– 4551, 1987. 14 Klein, G, Klein, E: Myc/Ig juxtaposition by chromosomal translocations: Some new insights, puzzles and paradoxes. Immunol Today 6: 208– 215, 1985. 15 Rabbitts TH: The c-myc proto-oncogene: Involvement in chromosomal abnormalities. Trends Genet 1: 327– 331, 1985. 16 Kagan J, Finan, J, Letofsky J, Besa EC, Nowell PC, Croce, CM: Alpha-chain locus of the T-cell antigen receptor is involved in the t(10;14) chromosome translocation of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4543– 4546, 1987. 17 Finger LR, Harvey RC, Moore RC, Showe LC, Croce, CM: A common mechanism of chromosomal translocation in T- and B-cell neoplasia. Science 234: 982– 985, 1986. 18 Villemur R, Monczak, V, Rassart, E, Kozak, C, Jolicoeur P: Identification of a new common provirus integration site in gross passage A murine leukemia virus-induced mouse thymoma DNA. Mol Cell Biol 7: 512– 522, 1987. 19 Chen SJ, Holbrook NJ, Mitchell KF, Vallone CA, Greengard JS, Crabtree GR, Lin, Y: A viral long terminal repeat in the interleukin 2 gene of a cell line that constitutively produces interleukin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 7284– 7288, 1985. 20 Ymer S, Tucker WQJ, Sanderson CJ, Hapel AJ, Campbell HD, Young, IG: Constitutive synthesis of interleukin-3 by leukemia cell line WEH1-3B is due to retroviral insertion near the gene. Nature 317: 255– 258, 1985. 21 Yu H, Eckhardt LA: DNA rearrangement causes a high rate of spontaneous mutation at the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus of a mouse myeloma cell line. Mol Cell Biol 6: 4228– 4235, 1986. 22 Potter TA, Frankel, W, Zeff RA, Rajan, TV: Spontaneous deletion at the beta-2-microglobulin locus: Evidence for site-specific genetic rearrangement. J Immunol 138: 1270– 1274, 1987. 23 Schlomchik MJ, Marshak-Rothstein A, Wolfowicz CB, Rothstein TL, Weigert, M: The role of clonal selection and somatic mutation in autoimmunity. Nature 328: 805– 811, 1987. 24 McClintock B: Chromosome organization and genic expression. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 16: 13– 47, 1951. 25 Rogers JH: The origin and evolution of retroposons. Int Rev Cytol 93: 187– 279, 1985. 26 Denison RA, van Arsdell SW, Bernstein LB, Weiner, AW: Abundant pseudogenes for small nuclear RNAs are dispersed in the human genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 810– 814, 1981. 27 Hayashi K: Organization of sequences related to U6 RNA in the human genome. Nucleic Acids Res 9: 3379– 3388, 1981. 28 Denison RA, Weiner, AM: Human U1 RNA pseudogenes may be generated by both DNA- and RNA-mediated mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol 2: 815– 828, 1982. 29 Jelinek WR, Schmid, CW: Repetitive sequences in eukaryotic DNA and their expression. Annu Rev Biochem 51: 813– 844, 1982. 30 Deininger PL, Dolly DJ, Rubin CM, Friedmann, T, Schmid CW: Base sequence studies of 300 nucleotide renatured repeated human cDNA clones. J Mol Biol 151: 17– 33, 1981. 31 Weiner AM: An abundant cytoplasmic 7S RNA is complementary to the dominant interspersed middle repetitive DNA sequence family in the human genome. Cell 22: 209– 218, 1980. 32 Walter P, Blobel G: Signal recognition particle contains a 7S RNA essential for protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum. Nature 299: 691– 698, 1982. 33 Varmus HE: Retroviruses. In JA Shapiro (ed): “ Mobile Genetic Elements.” New York: Academic Press, pp 411– 505, 1983. 34 Neel BG, Basic GP, Rogler CE, Skalka AM, Ju, G, Hishinuma, J, Papas T, Astrin SM, Hayward, WS: Molecular analysis of the c-Myc locus in normal tissue and in avian leukosis virus-induced lymphomas. J Virol 44: 158– 166, 1982. 35 Fung Y-KT, Lewis WG, Crittendon LB, Kung, H-J: Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: Molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus. Cell 33: 357– 368, 1983. 36 Hynes NE, Kennedy, N, Rahmsdorff, U, Groner B: Hormone-responsive expression of an endogenous proviral gene of mouse mammary tumor virus after molecular cloning and gene transfer into cultured cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 2038– 2042, 1981. 37 Lee F, Mulligan, R, Berg, P, Ringold G: Glucocorticoids regulate expression of dihydrofolate reductase cDNA in mouse mammary tumor virus chimaeric plasmids. Nature 294: 228– 232, 1981. 38 Rechavi G, Givol, D, Cannani E: Activation of a cellular oncogene by DNA rearrangement: Possible involvement of an IS-like element. Nature 300: 607– 611, 1982. 39 Orkin SH, Michelson, A: Partial deletion of the alpha-globin structural gene in human alpha-thalassemia. Nature 286: 538– 541, 1980. 40 Dhruva BR, Shenk, T, Subramanian KN: Integration in vivo into simian virus 40 DNA of a sequence that resembles a certain family of genomic interspersed repeated sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 4514– 4518, 1980. 41 Singer MF, Skowronski, J: Making sense out of LINES: Long interspersed repeat sequences in mammalian genomes. Trends Biochem Sci 10: 119– 122, 1985. 42 Gebhard W, Zachau HG: Organization of the R family and other interspersed repetitive DNA sequences in the mouse genome. J Mol Biol 170: 255– 270, 1983. 43 Lerman MI, Thayer RI, Singer, MF: KpnI family of long interspersed repeated DNA sequences in primates: Polymorphism of family members and evidence for transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3966– 3970, 1983. 44 DiGiovanni L, Hayes SR, Misra, R, Jelinek WR: KpnI family of long-interspersed repeated DNA sequences of man: Evidence for entry into genomic DNA of DNA copies of poly(A)-terminated KpnI RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 6533– 6537, 1983. 45 Potter SS: Rearranged sequences of a human KpnI element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 1012– 1016, 1984. 46 Thayer RE, Singer, MF: Interruption of an alpha-satellite array by a short member of the KpnI family of interspersed, highly repeated monkey DNA sequences. Mol Cell Biol 3: 967– 973, 1985. 47 Kuff, EL, Feenstra, A, Lueders, K, Smith, L, Hawley, R, Hozumi, N, Shulman M: Intracisternal A-particle genes as moveable elements in the mouse genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 1992– 1996, 1983. 48 Wilson SH, Kuff, E: A novel DNA polymerase activity found in association with intracisternal A-type particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69: 1531– 1536, 1972. 49 Kuff EL, Lueders KK, Ozer HL, Wiwel, NA: Some structural and antigenic properties of intracisternal A-particles occuring in mouse tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69: 218– 222, 1972. 50 Canaani E, Dreazen, O, Klar, A, Rechavi, G, Ram D, Cohen JB, Givol, D: Activation of the c-mos oncogene in a mouse plasmacytoma by insertion of an endogenous intracisternal A-particle genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 7118– 7122, 1983. 51 Cohen JB, Unger, T, Rechavi, G, Cannani, E, Givol D: Rearrangement of the oncogene c-mos in mouse myeloma NSI and hybridomas. Nature 306: 797– 799, 1983. 52 Gattoni-Celli, S, Hsiao W-LW, Weinstein, IB: Rearranged c-mos locus in a MOPC21 murine myeloma cell line and its persistence in hybridomas. Nature 306: 795– 796, 1983. 53 Kuff EL, Feenstra, A, Lueders, K, Rechavi, G, Givol, D, Canaani E: Homology between an endogenous viral LTR and sequences inserted in an activated cellular oncogene. Nature 302: 547– 548, 1983. 54 Hawley RG, Shulman MJ, Murialdo, H, Gibson DM, Hozumi, N: Mutant immunoglobulin genes have repetitive DNA elements inserted into their intervening sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 7425– 7429, 1982. 55 Lueders KK, Fewell JJ, Kuff EL, Koch, T: The long terminal repeat of an endogenous intracisternal A-particle gene functions as a promoter when introduced into eukaryotic cells by transvection. Mol Cell Biol 4: 2128– 2135, 1984. 56 Martens CL, Huff TL, Jardieu, P, Trounstine ML, Coffman RM, Ishizaka, K, Moore KW: cDNA clones encoding IgE-binding factors from a rat-mouse-T-cell hybridoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 2460– 2464, 1985. 57 Ymer S, Tucker WQJ, Campbell HD, Young, IG: Nucleotide sequence of the intracisternal A-particle genome inserted 5′ to the interleukin-3 gene of the leukaemia cell line WEHI-3B. Nucleic Acids Res 14: 5901– 5918, 1986. 58 Ishizaka K: Regulation of IgE synthesis. Annu Rev Immunol 2: 159– 182, 1984. 59 Aota S, Gojobori, T, Shigesada, K, Ozeki, H, Ikemura T: Nucleotide sequence and molecular evolution of mouse retrovirus-like IAP elements. Gene 56: 1– 12, 1987. 60 Martens CL, Jardieu, P, Trounstine ML, Stuart SG, Ishizaka, K, Moore KW: Potentiating and suppressive IgE-binding factors are expressed by a single cloned gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 809– 813, 1987. 61 Murphy D, Brickell PM, Latchman DS, Willison, K, Rigby PWJ: Transcripts regulated during normal embryonic development and oncogenic transformation share a repetitive element. Cell 35: 865– 871, 1983. 62 Bennett KL, Hill RE, Pietras DF, Woodworth-Gutai, M, Kane-Haas C, Houston CM, Heath JK, Hastie, ND: Most highly repeated dispersed DNA families in the mouse genome. Mol Cell Biol 4: 1561– 1571, 1984. 63 Calarco PG, Stollosi, D: Intracisternal A-particles in ova and preimplantation stages of the mouse. Nature [New Biol] 243: 91– 93, 1973. 64 Chase DG, Piko, L: Expression of A- and C-type particles in early mouse embryos. JNCI 51: 1971– 1973, 1973. 65 Biczysko W, Pienkowski, M, Solter, D, Koprowsky H: Virus particles in early mouse embryos. JNCI 51: 1041– 1050, 1973. 66 Wivel NA, Smith, GH: Distribution of intracisternal A-particles in a variety of normal and neoplastic tissues. Int J Cancer 7: 167– 175, 1971. 67 Skowronski J, Singer MF: Expression of a cytoplasmic LINE-1 transcript is regulated in a human teratocarcinoma cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 6050– 6054, 1985. 68 Kelly F, Condamine H: Tumor viruses and early mouse embryos. Biochem Biophys Acta 651: 105– 141, 1982. 69 Katzir N, Rechavi G, Cohen JB, Unger, T, Simoni, F, Segal, S, Cohen, D, Givol D: “Retroposon” insertion into the cellular oncogene c-myc in canine transmissible venereal tumor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 1054– 1058, 1985. 70 Bertelsen AH, Humayun MZ, Karfopoulos SG, Rush, MG: Molecular characterization of small polydisperse circular deoxyribonucleic acid from an African green monkey cell line. Biochemistry 21: 2076– 2085, 1982. 71 Stanfield SW, Helinski, DR: Cloning and characterization of small circular DNA from Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mol Cell Biol 1: 173– 180, 1984. 72 Kunisada T, Yamagishi H: Sequence repetition and genomic distribution of small polydisperse circular DNA purified from HeLa cells. Gene 31: 213– 223, 1984. 73 Krolewski JJ, Bertelsen AH, Humayun MZ, Rush, MG: Members of the Alu family of interspersed repetitive DNA sequences are in the small circular DNA population of monkey cells grown in culture. J Mol Biol 154: 399– 415, 1982. 74 Krolewski JJ, Rush, MG: Some extrachromosomal circular DNAs containing the Alu family of dispersed repetitive sequences may be reverse transcripts. J Mol Biol 174: 31– 40, 1984. 75 Krolewski JJ, Schindler CW, Rush, MG: Structure of extrachromosomal circular DNAs containing both the Alu family of dispersed repetitive sequences and other regions of chromosomal DNA. J Mol Biol 174: 41– 54, 1984. 76 Wilson R, Storb U: Association of two different repetitive DNA elements near immunoglobulin light chain genes. Nucleic Acids Res 11: 1803– 1817, 1983. 77 Sharp PA: Conversion of RNA to DNA in mammals: Alu-like elements and pseudogenes. Nature 301: 471– 472, 1983. 78 Calabretta B, Robertson DL, Barrera-Saldana HA, Lambrou TP, Saunders, GF: Genome instability in a region of human DNA enriched in Alu repeat sequences. Nature 296: 219– 225, 1982. 79 Schmookler-Reis RJ, Lumpkin CK, McGill JR, Riabowal KL, Goldstein, S: Extrachromosomal circular copies of an “inter-Alu” unstable sequence in human DNA are amplified during in vitro and in vivo aging. Nature 301: 394– 398, 1983. 80 Toda M, Yamagishi H: Appearance of extrachromosomal circular DNA in lymphocytes from developing chick bursa. Dev Growth Differ 26: 197– 204, 1984. 81 Bertelsen AH, Humayun MZ, Lippman, A, Rush MG: Identification of extrachromosomal DNA in hematolymphoid cells of chickens and Mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 105: 977– 984, 1982. 82 Kataoka T, Miyata, T, Honjo T: Repetitive sequences in classswitch recombination regions of immunoglobulin heavy chain genes. Cell 23: 357– 368, 1981. 83 Chien Y, Gascoigne NRJ, Kavaler, J, Lee NE, Davis, MM: Somatic recombination in a murine T-cell receptor gene. Nature 309: 322– 326, 1984. 84 Riabowol K, Reis RJS, Goldstein, S: Interspersed repetitive and tandemly repetitive sequences are differentially represented in extrachromosomal covalently closed circular DNA of human diploid fibroblasts. Nucleic Acids Res 13: 5563– 5584, 1985. 85 Schuler W, Weiler IJ, Schuler, A, Phillips RJ, Rosenberg, N, Mak TW, Kearney JF, Perry RP, Bosma, MJ: Rearrangement of antigen receptor genes is defective in mice with severe combined immune deficiency. Cell 46: 963– 972, 1986. 86 Stark GR, Wahl, GM: Gene amplification. Annu Rev Biochem 53: 447– 491, 1984. 87 Schimke RT: Gene amplification in cultured mammalian cells. Cell 37: 705– 713, 1984. 88 Rush MG, Misra, R: Extrachromosomal DNA in eukaryotes. Plasmid 14: 177– 191, 1985. 89 Schimke RT, Brown PC, Kaufman RJ, McGrogan, M, Slate DL: Chromosomal and extrachromosomal localization of amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes in cultured mammalian cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 55: 785– 797, 1981. 90 Wong AJ, Bigner SH, Bigner DD, Kinzler KW, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein, B: Increased expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in malignant gliomas is invariably associated with gene amplification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6899– 6903, 1987. 91 Johnston RN, Beverly SM, Schimke, RT: Rapid spontaneous dihydrofolate reductase gene amplification shown by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 3711– 3715, 1983. 92 Barsoum J, Varshavsky A: Mitogenic hormones and tumor promoters greatly increase the incidence of colony-forming cells bearing amplified dihydrofolate reductase genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 5330– 5334, 1983. 93 Varshavsky A: On the possibility of metabolic control of replicon “misfiring”: Relationship to emergence of malignant phenotypes in mammalian cell lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 3673– 3677, 1981. 94 Nussbaum RL, Ledbetter, DH: Fragile X syndrome: A unique mutation in man. Annu Rev Genet 20: 109– 145, 1986. 95 Sutherland GR: Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. I. Factors affecting expression in lymphocyte culture. Am J Hum Genet 31: 125– 135, 1979. 96 Sutherland GR, Hecht, F, Mulley J, Glover TW, Hecht BK: “ Fragile Sites on Human Chromosomes.” New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. 97 Sherman SL, Morton NE, Jacobs PA, Turner, G: The marker (X) syndrome: A cytogenetic and genetic analysis. Ann Hum Genet 48: 21– 37, 1984. 98 Sherman SL, Jacobs PA, Morton NE, Froster-Iskenius, U, Howard-Peebles PN: Further segregation analysis of the fragile-X syndrome with special reference to transmitting males. Hum Genet 69: 289– 299, 1985. 99 Turner G, Jacobs P: Marker (X)-linked mental retardation. Adv Hum Genet 13: 83– 112, 1983. 100 Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Brooks, J, Duncan CJ, Sanz MM, Silverman WP, Lele, KP: Low frequencies of apparently fragile-X chromosomes in normal control cultures: A possible explanation. Exp Cell Biol 54: 40– 48, 1986. 101 Tuckerman E, Webb, T, Bundley SE: Frequency and replication status of the fragile-X, fra(X) (q27-28), in a pair of monozygotic twins of markedly differing intelligence. J Med Genet 22: 85– 91, 1985. 102 Howard-Peebles PN, Friedman, JM: Unaffected carrier males in families with fragile-X syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 37: 956– 964, 1985. 103 Friedman JM, Howard-Peebles PN: Inheritance of fragile-X syndrome: An hypothesis. Am J Med Genet 23: 701– 713, 1986. 104 Hartley DA, Davies KE, Drayna, D, White RL, Williamson, R: A cytological map of the human X chromosome—Evidence for non-random recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 12: 5277– 5285, 1984. 105 Sutherland GR: Heritable fragile sites on human chromosomes. XII. Population cytogenetics. Ann Hum Genet 49: 153– 161, 1985. 106 Yunis JJ, Soreng, AL: Constitutive fragile sites and cancer. Science 226: 1199– 1204, 1984. 107 LeBeau MM, Rowley, JD: Heritable fragile sites in cancer. Nature 308: 607– 608, 1984. 108 Kraemer PM, Ray FA, Brothman AR, Bartholdi MF, Cram, LS: Spontaneous immortalization rate of cultured Chinese hamster cells. JNCI 76: 703– 709, 1986. 109 Ray FA, Bartholdi MF, Kraemer PM, Cram, LS: Spontaneous in vitro neoplastic evolution: Recurrent chromosome changes of newly immortalized Chinese camster cells. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 21: 35– 51, 1986. 110 Darras BT, Francke, U: A partial deletion of the muscular dystrophy gene transmitted twice by an unaffected male. Nature 329: 556– 558, 1987. 111 Cavenee WK, Dryja TP, Phillips RA, Benedict WF, Godbout, R, Gallie BL, Murphree AL, Strong LC, White, RL: Expression of recessive alleles by chromosomal mechanisms in retinoblastoma. Nature 305: 779– 784, 1983. 112 Cavenee WK, Hansen MF, Nordenskjold, M, Kock, E, Maumenee, I, Squire JAS, Phillips RA, Gallie, BL: Genetic origin of mutations predisposing to retinoblastoma. Science 228: 501– 503, 1985. 113 Hansen MF, Koufos, A, Gallie BL, Phillips RA, Fodstad, O, Brogger, A, Gedde-Dahl, T, Cavenee WK: Osteosarcoma and retinoblastoma: A shared chromosomal mechanism revealing recessive predisposition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 6216– 6220, 1985. 114 Friend SH, Bernards, R, Rogel S, Weinberg RA, Rapaport JM, Albert DM, Dryja, TP: A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 323: 643– 646, 1986. 115 Pathak S, Strong LC, Ferrell RE, Trindade, A: Familial renal cell carcinoma with a 3:11 chromosomal translocation limited to tumor cells. Science 217: 939– 941, 1982. 116 Koufos A, Hansen MF, Lampkin BC, Workman ML, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Cavenee, WK: Loss of alleles at loci on human chromosome 11 during genesis of Wilm's tumor. Nature 309: 170– 172, 1984. 117 Orkin SH, Goldman DS, Sallan, SE: Development of homozygosity for chromosome 11p markers in Wilm's tumor. Nature 309: 172– 174, 1984. 118 Reeve AE, Housiaux PJ, Gardner, RJM, Chewings WE, Grindley RM, Millow, LJ: Loss of a Harvey ras allele in sporadic Wilm's tumor. Nature 309: 174– 176, 1984. 119 Koufos A, Hansen MF, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Lampkin BC, Cavenee, WK: Loss of heterozygosity in three embryonal tumors suggests a common pathogenetic mechanism. Nature 316: 330– 334, 1985. 120 Fearon ER, Feinberg AP, Hamilton SH, Vogelstein, B: Loss of genes on the short arm of chromosome 11 in bladder cancer. Nature 318: 377– 380, 1985. 121 Whang-Peng, J, Kao-Shan CS, Lee EC, Bunn PA, Carney DN, Gazdar AF, Minna, JD: Specific chromosome defect associated with human small-cell lung cancer: Deletion 3p(14–23). Science 215: 181– 183, 1982. 122 Whang-Peng J, Bunn PA, Kao-Shan CS, Lee EC, Carney DN, Gazdar, A, Minna JD: A non-random chromosome abnormality, del 3p(14–23), in human small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Cancer Genet Cytogenet 6: 119– 134, 1982. 123 Naylor SL, Minna, J, Johnsons, B, Sakaguchi AY: DNA polymorphisms confirm the deletion in the short arm of chromosome 3 in small cell lung cancer. Am J Hum Genet 36: 35S, 1984. 124 DeLeij L, van der Veen AY, Mesander, G, The TH: Characterization of three new variant type cell lines derived from small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Res 45: 6024– 6033, 1985. 125 Mathew CGP, Chin KS, Easton DF, et, al.: A linked genetic marker for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A on chromosome 10. Nature 328: 527– 528, 1987. 126 Mathew CGP, Smith BA, Thorpe, K, Wong Z, Royle NJ, Jeffreys AJ, Ponder, BAJ: Deletion of genes on chromosome 1 in endocrine neoplasia. Nature 328: 524– 527, 1987. 127 Simpson NE, Kidd KK, Goodfellow PJ, et, al.: Assignment of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A to chromosome 10 by linkage. Nature 328: 528– 530, 1987. 128 Solomon E, Voss, R, Hall V, Bodmer WF, Jass JR, Jeffreys AJ, Lucibello FC, Patel, I, Rider SH: Chromosome 5 allele loss in human colorectal carcinomas. Nature 328: 616– 619, 1987. 129 Bodmer WF, Bailey CJ, Bodmer, J, et al.: Localization of the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis on chromosome 5. Nature 328: 614– 616, 1987. 130 Zbar B, Branch, H, Talmadge, C, Linehan M: Loss of alleles of loci on the short arm of chromosome 3 in renal cell carcinoma. Nature 327: 721– 724, 1987. 131 Kryspin-Sorensen, I, Dyrberg, T, Kastern W: Genetic heterogeneity in the major histocompatibility complex of various BB rat sublines. Diabetologia 29: 307– 312, 1986. Citing Literature Volume1, Issue11988Pages 63-75 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Full Text
Published version (Free)

Talk to us

Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have

Schedule a call