Abstract
A high battery temperature has been shown to be critical for lithium-ion batteries in terms of performance, degradation, and safety. Therefore, a precise knowledge of heat sources and sinks in the battery is essential. We have developed a thermal model for lithium-ion batteries, a model that includes terms not included before, namely, Peltier and Dufour heat effects. The model is derived using non-equilibrium thermodynamics for heterogeneous systems, the only theory which is able to describe in a systematic manner the coupling of heat, mass, and charge transport. The idea of this theory is to deal with surfaces as two-dimensional layers. All electrochemical processes in these layers are defined using excess variables, implying, for instance, that the surface has its own temperature. We show how the Peltier and Dufour heats affect a single cell and may produce an internal temperature rise of 8.5 K in a battery stack with 80 modules. The heat fluxes leaving the cell are also functions of these reversible heat effects. Most of the energy that is dissipated as heat occurs in the electrode surfaces and the electrolyte-filled separator. The analysis shows that better knowledge of experimental data on surface resistances, transport coefficients, and Dufour and Peltier heats is essential for further progress in thermal modeling of this important class of systems.
Highlights
The transition from fossil fuels to renewable power sources requires reliable energy storage technologies
We have developed a thermal model for lithium-ion batteries, a model that includes terms not included before, namely, Peltier and Dufour heat effects
We have documented for the first time a physical-chemical model for Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that enables us to describe the full interplay of reversible and irreversible heat effects including the particular role of the surface
Summary
The transition from fossil fuels to renewable power sources requires reliable energy storage technologies. New demands from the transport sector (e.g., electric ferries, planes, and cars) have an increasing impact on the LIB market. Those applications require large battery packs, high energy and power density, and possibilities for large charging and discharging rates. Issues with safety, aging of cells, and loss of capacity are important. These issues, in particular, have been shown to be temperature dependent.. These issues, in particular, have been shown to be temperature dependent.2–7 It is well known that good thermal management is essential for safety, performance, and life-time expectancy in lithium-ion batteries. The demand for faster charging or discharging and reliability of large battery-pack operations call for good thermal management and, in turn, a very accurate thermal model
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