Abstract
This study hypothesized that the predominant strawberry anthocyanin, pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside (Pg-3-glc), and 3 of its plasma metabolites (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and phloroglucinaldehyde [PGA]) would affect phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and the production of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a whole blood culture model. For the assessment of phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity of monocytes and neutrophils, whole blood was preincubated in the presence or absence of the test compounds at concentrations up to 5 μmol/L, followed by analysis of phagocytic and oxidative burst activity using commercially available test kits. For the cytokine analysis, diluted whole blood was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide in the presence or absence of the test compounds at concentrations up to 5 μmol/L. Concentrations of selected cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were determined using a cytometric bead array kit. There were no effects of any of the test compounds on phagocytosis of opsonized or nonopsonized Escherichia coli or on oxidative burst activity. Pg-3-glc and PGA at 0.08 μmol/L increased the concentration of IL-10 (P<.01 and P<.001, respectively), but there was no effect on tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, and there were no effects of the other compounds. In conclusion, this study demonstrated a lack of effect of these compounds on the opsonization, engulfment, and subsequent destruction of bacteria. Pg-3-glc and PGA, at physiologically relevant concentrations, had anti-inflammatory properties; however, effects were modest, only observed at the lowest dose tested and limited to IL-10.
Highlights
Anthocyanins are polyphenols which are abundant in berry fruits and which may convey health benefits to humans, including cardiovascular disease prevention, obesity control, alleviation of diabetes, improvement of vision and memory, and increased immune defenses [1,2]
This study hypothesized that the predominant strawberry anthocyanin, pelargonidin-3-Oglucoside (Pg-3-glc), and 3 of its plasma metabolites (4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and phloroglucinaldehyde [PGA]) would affect phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and the production of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a whole blood culture model
Pg-3-glc and PGA at 0.08 μmol/L increased the concentration of IL-10 (P < .01 and P < .001, respectively), but there was no effect on tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, and there were no effects of the other compounds
Summary
Anthocyanins are polyphenols which are abundant in berry fruits and which may convey health benefits to humans, including cardiovascular disease prevention, obesity control, alleviation of diabetes, improvement of vision and memory, and increased immune defenses [1,2]. Blueberries [5], an anthocyaninrich juice [6], and purple sweet potato leaves [7] were reported to increase numbers and activity of natural killer cells [5], but there was no effect of red wine, dealcoholized red wine, or red grape juice [8,9]. Lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin (IL)-2 secretion by activated lymphocyte were increased upon consumption of an anthocyanin-rich juice [6] and purple sweet potato leaves [7] but not affected by red wine, dealcoholized red wine, or red grape juice [8,9]. There are a lack of evidence from human studies and limited and conflicting data regarding the influence of flavonoids on the phagocytic process
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