Abstract
We describe the morpho-anatomical features of the ectomycorrhizas (ECMs) formed by Lactifluus rugatus on Cistus, a genus of about 20 species of woody shrubs typical of the Mediterranean maquis. The description of L. rugatus mycorrhizas on Cistus is the first ECM description of a species belonging to Lactifluus subgen. Pseudogymnocarpi. The ECM identity was verified through molecular tools. Anatomically, the characteristic of L. rugatus mycorrhiza is the presence of abundant, long "bottle-shaped" cystidia on mantle surface. Indeed, the overwhelming majority of milkcap mycorrhizas are acystidiate. This is the third Lactarius/Lactifluus mycorrhiza to have been described associated with Cistus, the others being Lactarius cistophilus and L. tesquorum. The phylogenetic distance between all these taxa is reflected by the diversity of the principal features of their ECMs, which share host-depending ECM features known for Cistus, but are otherwise distinguishable on the host roots. Comparison of Lactifluus rugatus ECM with those formed by L. vellereus and L. piperatus on Fagus reveals elevated intrageneric diversity of mycorrhizal structures. Such a diversity is supported by analysis of ITS sequences of relevant species within European Lactifluus species. Our study extends knowledge of Cistus mycorrhizal biology and confirms the informative value of mycorrhizal structures in understanding phylogenetic relationships in ECM fungi.
Highlights
The basidiomycete family Russulaceae has undergone a dramatic taxonomic revision during the last decade
A more recent multigene analysis of /DFWLÀXXV resulted in a new infrageneric FODVVL¿FDWLRQ ZLWK IRXU VXSSRUWHG VXEJHQHUD /DFWLÀXXV, Lactariopsis, Gymnocarpi, and Pseudogymnocarpi (De Crop et al 2017)
We compare the ECM anatomical features with those of Lactarius Cistus-VSHFL¿F P\FRELRQWV QDPHO\ Lactarius cistophilus and L. tesquorum, and with those formed by other taxa in Lactarius and /DFWLÀXXV
Summary
The basidiomycete family Russulaceae has undergone a dramatic taxonomic revision during the last decade. Cistus species are early-stage colonizers that follow disturbance, WKH ¿UH RSHUDWLQJ LQ 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ HFRV\VWHPV $GDSWDWLRQV include physical seed dormancy, high seed longevity, and small and light seeds, allowing the generation of persistent soil seed banks; the sharp rise in temperature generated LQ WRS VRLO OD\HUV E\ ¿UH EUHDNV VHHG GRUPDQF\ DQG OHDGV to germination (Bastida & Talavera 2002). Overall, these ecological characteristics make Cistus mycorrhizal biology interesting. We compare the ECM anatomical features with those of Lactarius Cistus-VSHFL¿F P\FRELRQWV QDPHO\ Lactarius cistophilus and L. tesquorum, and with those formed by other taxa in Lactarius and /DFWLÀXXV
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