Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) primarily infects neonatal piglets causing catastrophic effects on the global pig farming industry. PEDV infects piglets through the nasal cavity, a process in which dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role. However, neonatal piglets have fewer nasal DCs. This study found that subepithelial CD3+ T cells mediated PEDV invasion through the nasal cavity in neonatal piglets. PEDV could replicate in the nasal epithelial cells (NECs) isolated from the nasal cavity of neonatal piglets. Infection of NECs with PEDV could induce antiviral and inflammatory cytokines at the late stage. The infected NECs mediated transfer of virus to CD3+ T cells distributed in the subepithelial of the nasal cavity via cell-to-cell contact. The infected CD3+ T cells could migrate to the intestine via blood circulation, causing intestinal infection in neonatal piglets. Thus, the findings of this study indicate the importance of CD3+T cells in the dissemination of PEDV from the nasal cavity to the intestinal mucosa in neonatal piglets.
Highlights
The respiratory tract is the primary pathway for various respiratory pathogens, such as those causing influenza and pneumonia [1, 2]
Replication of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in nasal epithelial cells (NECs) NECs were successfully isolated from the nasal cavity of neonatal piglets as demonstrated by morphological examination of cultured cells
To detect whether PEDV replicated in NECs, the cells were inoculated with PEDV (MOI = 0.1)
Summary
The respiratory tract is the primary pathway for various respiratory pathogens, such as those causing influenza and pneumonia [1, 2]. The interactions between respiratory viruses and host nasal epithelial cells (NECs) pattern recognition receptors, may induce the release of cytokines/chemokines and stimulate an antiviral response [6]. Little is known about the characteristics of gastrointestinal viral infection in NECs. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), an acute and highly contagious enteric viral disease [7, 8]. Recent studies established an alternative pathway of enteric PEDV dissemination from the nasal cavity to the intestinal mucosa in swine [12]. Dendritic cells (DCs) located beneath the nasal mucosa of piglets can capture PEDV by forming transepithelial dendrites during PEDV intranasal infection [12]. Neonatal piglets have fewer nasal DCs compared to swine of any older age [13].
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