Abstract
Bioelectricity drives several processes in the human body. The development of new materials that can deliver electrical stimuli is gaining increasing attention in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, novel, highly electrically conductive nanofibers made of poly [2,2′-m-(phenylene)-5,5′-bibenzimidazole] (PBI) have been manufactured by electrospinning and then coated with cross-linked poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly (styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) by spin coating or dip coating. These scaffolds have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrical conductivity was measured by the four-probe method at values of 28.3 S·m−1 for spin coated fibers and 147 S·m−1 for dip coated samples, which correspond, respectively, to an increase of about 105 and 106 times in relation to the electrical conductivity of PBI fibers. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hBM-MSCs) cultured on the produced scaffolds for one week showed high viability, typical morphology and proliferative capacity, as demonstrated by calcein fluorescence staining, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)/Phalloidin staining and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. Therefore, all fiber samples demonstrated biocompatibility. Overall, our findings highlight the great potential of PEDOT:PSS-coated PBI electrospun scaffolds for a wide variety of biomedical applications, including their use as reliable in vitro models to study pathologies and the development of strategies for the regeneration of electroactive tissues or in the design of new electrodes for in vivo electrical stimulation protocols.
Highlights
Bioelectricity drives several biological processes, including cell and tissue growth/development, wound healing and tissue regeneration [1]
We tested two different methods, spin coating and dip coating, to coat the electrospun PBI fibers with PEDOT:polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) aiming to increase the electroconductivity of the obtained fiber mat
The fibers of neat PBI are randomly oriented, homogeneous, showing few defects, and have an average diameter of 184 ± 59 nm. This average diameter value is similar to that obtained by Jahangiri et al [31], but slightly larger than the values obtained in previous works [26,32], which we attribute to the milder electrospinning conditions used in the present study, namely the lower voltage and tip-to-collector distance
Summary
Bioelectricity drives several biological processes, including cell and tissue growth/. Development, wound healing and tissue regeneration [1]. Bioelectrical triggered cell signaling affects transcriptional cascades, and can influence changes in cell fate, potentially affecting processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, morphology and apoptosis [2]. MSCs have been considered a promising cell source for developing novel cell-based therapies, mainly due to their availability from a wide variety of tissues, high proliferative capacity, lowimmunogenicity and beneficial immunomodulatory/trophic properties [7]. External electrical stimulation has been shown to promote bone healing both in animal experiments and clinical treatments [8]. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown superior healing of cartilage defects with MSCs after the application of electrical current [9,10]
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