Peculiarities the main types of metabolism of students of middle educational institutions depending on the organization of the educational process and public catering

Abstract

The observing group comprised of 137 students of Secondary School focusing on physico-mathematical sciences at the age of 12.9±1.3 years; the comparison group consisted of 131 students of Secondary School at the age of 12.7±1.2 years. To conduct a sociological study, a special questionnaire was developed, allowing to assess the socio-economic characteristics of the families of the surveyed pupils, the regularity and duration of sport activity, the time spent on compulsory and additional education, home nutrition, etc. The assessment of school meals was carried out using the menu-layouts (14-day approximate menu) and by individual weight method. Anthropometric measurements were conducted. Indicators of fat [total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), ApoB and ApoB/ApoA1], protein (total protein, albumin), carbohydrate (glucose) and mineral metabolism (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron) and blood serum concentration of dopamine, leptin and cortisol were determined by biochemical and ELISA methods. When assessing the compliance of the educational regime with the requirements of Sanitary Regulations and Standards 2.4.2.2821-10 at school affording intensive study of various subjects the violations of hygienic requirements for scheduling lessons, the exceedance of weekly load, a large total workload calculated on the subject difficult scale were revealed. It was found out that students of school affording intensive study spend more time on school and out-of-school education while motor activity was significantly reduced. Up to 87.0% of children ate at home irregularly, dry, consumed fast food and snacks. Despite the possibility of choosing a dish the rations actually consumed at school affording intensive study didn't meet the average need for nutrients and energy during breakfast (25% of the established daily need), in terms of the content of macronutrients and energy by 20%, calcium and vitamin B1 by 45-55%, phosphorus by 39%, magnesium by 18%. At school focusing on physico-mathematical sciences the proportion of overweight children was 2.8-fold higher than in general school (19.0 vs 6.0%, OR=3.5, DI=1.4-9.6; p=0.01). The trend towards increased atherogenic structure of the lipid spectrum because of higher blood levels of LDL and lower levels of ApoA1 and HDL (p=0.004-0.02) has been found out. The established features of the main types of metabolism among pupils of school affording intensive study of various subjects have been associated with relatively high concentrations of cortisol, leptin and dopamine (p=0.0001-0.03) that indicated tension of neuroendocrine regulation. Intensification of the learning process in profiled schools in combination with a low level of physical activity, inadequate nutrition and eating disorders up to 3.5 times increases the risk of overweight in schoolchildren against the background of endocrine regulation stress.