Abstract
Natural polymers have become attractive to pharmaceutical researchers and manufacturers as excipients because of the advantages they possess relative to their semisynthetic and synthetic counterparts. Although pectin from some natural sources has been investigated for use in the pharmaceutical industry as excipients, pectin from okra, which is readily available and used as food in many parts of the world, has not been extensively investigated as a potential control-releasing agent in tablets. This study thus seeks to determine the drug release modifying properties of okra pectin from 6 different genotypes of okra cultivated and available in Ghana. Pectin was extracted from different genotypes of okra, physicochemical properties were characterized, and control release matrix tablets of metformin (F1–F6) were formulated using the wet granulation method with the okra pectin as the drug release modifier, respectively. The drug content, in vitro drug release, and mathematical kinetic modeling of drug release from the matrix tablets were studied. Drug release profiles of formulated matrix tablets were compared to an existing (innovator) brand of metformin sustained-release tablet on the market using the similarity and difference factors, respectively. The extracted pectin had percentage yields ranging from 6 to 20% w/w with swelling indexes and water-holding capacities between 300–500% and 9-10 mL/g, respectively, and pH within 6.20–6.90. All the formulated batches passed the drug content test (90–105%) and produced the optimal release of metformin (>80%) after 24 hours. Different batches of formulated tablets exhibited different mechanisms of drug release with batches F1, F2, F5, and F6 being similar (ƒ2 values being >50 and ƒ1 values <15) to the innovator brand. Pectin from the 6 different genotypes of okra studied has the potential for use as drug release modifiers in pharmaceutical manufacturing of control release matrix tablets and production of more affordable medicines.
Highlights
Control release matrix tablets are designed to achieve a prolonged effect by continuously releasing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) over a long period of time.is prolonged release effect is provided by an integral excipient of the matrix tablet known as the release modifier [1,2,3]
Physicochemical Properties of Extracted Okra Pectin. e yield of pectin is affected by the plant used, the stage of maturity of the plant, the geographical location of the plant, and the extraction processes involved
It has been reported that variations in the genotype of plant species can affect pectin yield [33, 34]. ere were significant differences (P < 0.0001) in the yield of pectin obtained from the various genotypes (Figure 1)
Summary
Control release matrix tablets are designed to achieve a prolonged effect by continuously releasing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) over a long period of time. Several studies have reported the potential of gum from different plants as promising release modifiers in the formulation of controlled release tablets [7, 8]. Pectin from orange peel, apple pomace, mango peel, and cocoa pod husk sources has been investigated as a carrier for targeted drug delivery and as a control release agent for formulated metformin matrix tablets [18,19,20,21,22]. The use of okra pectin from these 6 genotypes previously studied as drug release modifiers has not been reported. This study aims to investigate the drug release modification property of pectin extracted from six Ghanaian genotypes of okra from matrix tablets. Using mathematical kinetic models, the mechanism of drug release is evaluated
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