Abstract
Peanut sprouts (PS), which are germinated peanut seeds, have recently been reported to have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. However, the underlying mechanisms by which PS modulates lipid metabolism are largely unknown. To address this question, serial doses of PS extract (PSE) were added to 3T3-L1 cells during adipocyte differentiation. PSE (25 µg/mL) significantly attenuated adipogenesis by inhibiting lipid accumulation in addition to reducing the level of adipogenic protein and gene expression with the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Other adipocyte cell models such as mouse embryonic fibroblasts C3H10T1/2 and primary adipocytes also confirmed the anti-adipogenic properties of PSE. Next, we investigated whether PSE attenuated lipid accumulation in mature adipocytes. We found that PSE significantly suppressed lipogenic gene expression, while fatty acid (FA) oxidation genes were upregulated. Augmentation of FA oxidation by PSE in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes was confirmed via a radiolabeled-FA oxidation rate experiment by measuring the conversion of [3H]-oleic acid (OA) to [3H]-H2O. Furthermore, PSE enhanced the mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR), especially maximal respiration, and beige adipocyte formation in adipocytes. In summary, PSE was effective in reducing lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation involved in AMPK and mitochondrial activation.
Highlights
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and all over the world [1,2]
Recent reports have suggested that peanut sprouts prepared from the germination of peanut kernels are rich in phytochemicals
It is suggested that resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene), which is a naturally occurring polyphenol present in grapes, berries, and other vegetables, is the major phytochemical in peanut sprouts
Summary
The prevalence of obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and all over the world [1,2]. The peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a naturally occurring, common, nutritious food, which contains high levels of protein, unsaturated fatty acid, fiber, potassium, magnesium, copper niacin, arginine, fiber, α-tocopherol, and folates. Bioactive compounds, such as phytosterols, and flavonoids are rich in the peanut [6]. Resveratrol supplementations have been shown to increase mitochondrial content/activity in skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, and the liver. This enhances body basal energy expenditure, which protects against diet-induced obesity and metabolic complications such as insulin resistance and fatty liver disease [8]. To investigate the regulatory effects of PSE on lipid metabolism, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used to examine the induction of fatty acid oxidation, energy metabolism-related genes and mitochondrial bioenergetics
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