Abstract
The Middle East occupies a unique geographical and strategic position. Hence, it is not a coincidence that every great power in history has sought to advance its interests in the region. In addition to its geographical and strategic uniqueness, the Middle East is the birthplace and spiritual center of the three most important monotheistic religions, namely Christianity, Judaism and Islam, as well as the greatest single reserve of oil. Last, but not least, due to its geopolitical importance, any inter- and intra-state conflict in the Middle East has the potential not only of destabilizing the region as a whole or upsetting the regional balance of power but also affecting global stability. For these reasons, the Middle East has been a major center of world affairs; an economically, politically, and culturally sensitive area. The purpose of this volume is to provide an account of international relations in the contemporary Middle East. To address the question of regional order, attention will focus on the policies of external actors – such as the United States (US), Russia, China, the European Union, and the United Nations – as well as on regional hegemonic aspirations and resulting rivalries.
Highlights
Social interactions are either associative or dissociative
Though normally violence is associated with conflict, it can occur without it(Martin, 1983)
It is for the reason that these concepts are so much internalized, long-established and conventional that it is hard people even can dream of alternative and suggested models
Summary
Social interactions are either associative or dissociative. Cooperation is joint activity in pursuit of common goals or shared rewards. Conflict is a dissociative social interaction, universal and ever present process in human relations. The 3 Peace Conceptions have played a key role in initiating an intellectual climate that promotes research on peace The first of these conceptions is that rational reasoning implies that peace is a natural condition and not war. The second conception is that war is sinful according to almost all religious traditions The last of these three conceptions is pacifism which means that pacifism is supposed to a fundamental power in human behavior (Gart, 1992). Even though philosophers and individuals like thought made several attempts to understand peace and the philosophy of peace, it was only after the Second World War in the 50s and 60s that Peace Studies developed as a formal academic discipline.Peace studies (iridology), is an interdisciplinary effort aiming at the prevention, de-escalation, and solution of conflicts. Peace Studies is classified in the following ways: 1. Multi-level Approach: The discipline attempts to survey intrapersonal peace between single individuals, neighbors, ethnic factions, states all the way up to civilizations
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