Abstract
The effect of synthesis parameters on the physicochemical properties of clay/ polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDDA)/Ru composites and their applicability in hydrogenation of 2-butanone under very mild conditions (room temperature, atmospheric pressure, and aqueous solution) was studied. Three synthetic procedures were employed, differing in the order of addition of components and the stage at which metallic Ru species were generated. The materials were characterized with XRD (X-ray diffraction), XRF (X-ray fluorescence), EDS (energy-dispersive spectroscopy), AFM (atomic force microscopy), TEM/HRTEM (transmission electron microscopy/high resolution transmission electron microscopy), and TG/DSC (thermal gravimetry/differential scanning microscopy techniques. The study revealed that the method of composite preparation affects its structural and thermal properties, and controls the distribution and size of Ru particles. All catalysts are active in hydrogenation of 2-butanone. For best catalytic performance (100% conversion within 30 min) both the size of Ru particles and the load of polymer had to be optimized. Superior catalytic properties were obtained over the composite with intermediate crystal size and intermediate PDDA load, prepared by generation of metallic Ru species in the polymer solution prior to intercalation. This method offers an easy way of controlling the crystal size by modification of Ru/PDDA ratio.
Highlights
The use of nanoparticles in the design of catalysts based on noble metals is attractive, because the large surface to volume ratio characteristic of very fine metal species enables efficient utilization of costly active phase [1]
In the present work we focused our attention on the use of polydiallyldimethylammonium (PDDA) chloride as a polymer stabilizing the catalytically active ruthenium nanoparticles embedded in montmorillonite clay
Under the adopted conditions the interlayer spacing of H-form of montmorillonite is ca. 1.5 nm, we propose that the basal reflection corresponding to this value is, especially in samples with low PDDA
Summary
The use of nanoparticles in the design of catalysts based on noble metals is attractive, because the large surface to volume ratio characteristic of very fine metal species enables efficient utilization of costly active phase [1]. Naked nanoparticles are prone to agglomeration, which hinders their effective use [3,4] This obstacle may be overcome by deposition of metal nanoparticles on an appropriate support, and/or by stabilizing their dispersion with use of various capping agents [3,4,5,6,7]. To this end, the use of polymers containing functional groups that provide attractive interaction with nanoparticles is of particular interest [8]. In such systems the polymer component affords, Polymers 2018, 10, 865; doi:10.3390/polym10080865 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers
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