Abstract
Closed-loop neuromodulation enables the utilization of dynamic and ongoing neural or physiological activity to guide neuromodulatory interventions for behavioral, cognitive, or performance enhancement. Many non-invasive neuromodulation methods like transcranial electrical stimulation (tES; including tDCS, tACS, tRNS, tPCS) typically implement a one-size-fits-all approach to stimulation dosing and application. Closed-loop stimulation approaches have typically optimized for one stimulation modality, and for error-based signals.
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