Abstract
A phytoremediation process for lead (Pb) under laboratory conditions on contaminated soil from the Puchuncaví commune, Valparaíso Province, Chile, was carried out. It analyzed the phytoremediation potential of Sarcocornia neei (Lag.) M.A. Alonso and M.B. Crespo. The plants were propagated beforehand and extracted from the El Yali wetland, a RAMSAR 878 site in Valparaíso. Soil fertility and heavy metal concentration analyses of composite samples were conducted, complying with established protocols and standard methodology for chemical and metal analyses. These analyses were conducted in the Soil Analysis Laboratory of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso. The aim was to analyse not only the tissue of plants from both areas but also the soil to identify the changes in different conditions in which the plants live. To determine the type of inferential analysis to be performed, a normality test was applied; however, it was deemed unsuitable, and therefore, the contrasts were developed using nonparametric tests, particularly Wilcoxon. R project software was used in the tests, especially the RCommander package, together with the Jamovi free-license statistical spreadsheet application. The analyses results of the soil samples indicated high concentrations of heavy metals, predominantly Pb at a concentration of 77.97 mg/kg, acidic soil indicated by pH between 5.77 and 6.38, low levels of electrical conductivity, and the presence of organic matter. A phytoremediation efficiency of 99% on soil samples was achieved. Preliminary results were compared against international regulations on the concentration of metals in soil. The histological sections showed that individual plants probably adapted to their environmental conditions.
Highlights
Introduction e rapidChilean macroeconomic growth in the last 30 years has been supported mainly in the “mining boom” emerged from the neoliberal reforms imposed by the military dictatorship through the Foreign Inversion Statute (1974), the New Mining Concessions Law (1982), and Mining Code (1983) [1]. is process has been, as well as the main driver of a sustained growing in the energy consumption, which has resulted in the last 20 years, important in the increase of initiatives entries aimed to increase the installed power of the main interconnected electrical systems in Chile, the Norte Grande Interconnected System (SING) and the Central Interconnected System (SIC) [1].Mining and smelting activities in a country undoubtedly promote job creation and benefit the national economy
E results of the fertility analyses of the six soil samples collected from the Los Maitenes wetland are presented in Tables 2 and 3. e tables show an optimum range, which corresponds to an optimal range for average soil in which plants can develop. e results were obtained by the soil and foliar analysis laboratory, as mentioned before
E salts and minerals determined in the current analysis showed great variability in the high range compared with the middle range, which is unsuitable for adequate plant development. is indicates that the soil samples collected both lacked and exceeded optimal concentrations of essential elements; in the first instance, the results did not affect the phytoremediation of the soil with the native species Sarcocornia neei
Summary
Introduction e rapidChilean macroeconomic growth in the last 30 years has been supported mainly in the “mining boom” emerged from the neoliberal reforms imposed by the military dictatorship through the Foreign Inversion Statute (1974), the New Mining Concessions Law (1982), and Mining Code (1983) [1]. is process has been, as well as the main driver of a sustained growing in the energy consumption, which has resulted in the last 20 years, important in the increase of initiatives entries aimed to increase the installed power of the main interconnected electrical systems in Chile, the Norte Grande Interconnected System (SING) and the Central Interconnected System (SIC) [1].Mining and smelting activities in a country undoubtedly promote job creation and benefit the national economy. Industrial activities are, associated with the contamination of environmental matrices, such as soil and water, as well as living beings [2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Results of meta-analyses by Chowdhury et al [11] have indicated that exposure to As, Pb, Cd, and Cu is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and coronary heart disease. Such findings emphasise the association between toxic metals in the environment and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease beyond the functions of conventional behavioral risk factors
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