Abstract
AbstractIn the context of sustainable development, both developed and developing countries are implementing policies that encourage economic growth, environmental protection and social well-being in resource decisions. According to the 2012 Rio+20 Declaration, market-based instruments that complement regulations can offer an economically efficient push to sustainable growth. Market-based instruments, such as payments for ecosystem services (PES) and other market incentives, may play a crucial role in enhancing the livelihoods and wider well-being of poor people. However, for economic tools such as PES to prove valuable in managing natural resources, the decision-making and implementation processes must integrate adequate rights allocation and participatory mechanisms. This article examines forest ecosystem services in the context of the mangrove reserve forest of the Sundarbans in Bangladesh. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the largest remaining areas of mangroves in the world with an exceptional level of biodiversity. The article argues for a more realistic and equitable approach to PES projects in Bangladesh. It underscores the need for effective participatory tools, third-party monitoring and multi-service PES schemes to improve multiple mangrove ecosystem services in the Sundarbans.
Highlights
The Stockholm Declaration, adopted at the 1972 United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment, stated that: Man‟s capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring all peoples the benefits of development
For the future implementation of sustainable development (SD), the Rio+20 conference launched a process to develop a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),[5] which are built upon the Millennium Development
As in the forestry management of many developing countries, market values and short term economic benefits are prioritized in the mangrove forest management in Bangladesh
Summary
The Stockholm Declaration, adopted at the 1972 United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment, stated that: Man‟s capability to transform his surroundings, if used wisely, can bring all peoples the benefits of development. The intention to transform the surroundings was the key to promoting the concept of sustainable development (SD).[2] The opportunities as well as challenges for the wise use of natural resources provide an essential impetus for both individuals and the community through a balanced approach between development and conservation.[3] While inherently a dynamic, indefinite and contested concept, outcomes of SD are dependent on the pathways and operations of each country. The UN Conference on Sustainable Development 2012 outcome document The Future We Want (Rio+20 Declaration),[4] acknowledged the disparities in policy and institutional frameworks, political circumstances, levels of development, and economic and environmental interdependencies in the global community. For the future implementation of SD, the Rio+20 conference launched a process to develop a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),[5] which are built upon the Millennium Development
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