Abstract
The efficient and selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) provides key information for various purposes ranging from the toxicological analysis of indoor/outdoor environments to the diagnosis of diseases or to the investigation of biological processes. In the last decade, different sensors and biosensors providing reliable, rapid, and economic responses in the detection of VOCs have been successfully conceived and applied in numerous practical cases; however, the global necessity of a sustainable development, has driven the design of devices for the detection of VOCs to greener methods. In this review, the most recent and innovative VOC sensors and biosensors with sustainable features are presented. The sensors are grouped into three of the main industrial sectors of daily life, including environmental analysis, highly important for toxicity issues, food packaging tools, especially aimed at avoiding the spoilage of meat and fish, and the diagnosis of diseases, crucial for the early detection of relevant pathological conditions such as cancer and diabetes. The research outcomes presented in the review underly the necessity of preparing sensors with higher efficiency, lower detection limits, improved selectivity, and enhanced sustainable characteristics to fully address the sustainable manufacturing of VOC sensors and biosensors.
Highlights
The United States Environmental Agency (EPA) and the European EnvironmentalAgency (EEA) define as a volatile organic compound (VOC) any organic substance that under normal conditions is gaseous or can vaporize in the atmosphere [1,2]
The review is divided into three different sections presenting VOC sensors and biosensors in the function of highly captivating applications, including environmental analysis, intelligent food packaging design, and medical diagnosis, making the manuscript attractive for both readers having expertise in the field and for anyone with no specific knowledge who wants to explore the matter
The environmental analysis of VOCs aims at the detection and quantification of The environmental analysis of VOCs aims at the detection and quantification organic compounds that might involve any biological interaction, including human health ganic compounds that might involve any biological interaction, including human issues, plant defense mechanisms, animal toxicity concerns, etc
Summary
Agency (EEA) define as a volatile organic compound (VOC) any organic substance that under normal conditions is gaseous or can vaporize in the atmosphere [1,2]. This general description helps in recognizing a volatile organic compound, it is too rough and is not unequivocal in identifying VOCs. different national and international regulations have proposed more standardized definitions according to selected physico-chemical properties of the considered chemicals. The WHO deof 27 fined an additional category of semi-volatile organic compounds, SVOCs, including2substances having boiling points ranging from 240–260 °C to 380–400 °C, such as some pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane or some plasticizers like phthalates [5].
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