Patulin Degradation by the Biocontrol Yeast Sporobolomyces sp. Is an Inducible Process.

Giuseppe Ianiri,Gianfranco Panfili,Raffaello Castoria,Cristina Pinedo,Alessandra Fratianni

doi:10.3390/toxins9020061

Giuseppe Ianiri, Gianfranco Panfili + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9020061

Copy DOI

Journal: Toxins	Publication Date: Feb 10, 2017
Citations: 44	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: University of Molise, University of Cádiz

Abstract

Patulin is a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium expansum and a common contaminant of pome fruits and their derived products worldwide. It is considered to be mutagenic, genotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic and cytotoxic, and the development of strategies to reduce this contamination is an active field of research. We previously reported that Sporobolomyces sp. is able to degrade patulin and convert it into the breakdown products desoxypatulinic acid and ascladiol, both of which were found to be less toxic than patulin. The specific aim of this study was the evaluation of the triggering of the mechanisms involved in patulin resistance and degradation by Sporobolomyces sp. Cells pre-incubated in the presence of a low patulin concentration showed a higher resistance to patulin toxicity and a faster kinetics of degradation. Similarly, patulin degradation was faster when crude intracellular protein extracts of Sporobolomyces sp. were prepared from cells pre-treated with the mycotoxin, indicating the induction of the mechanisms involved in the resistance and degradation of the mycotoxin by Sporobolomyces sp. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms of patulin resistance and degradation by Sporobolomyces sp., which is an essential prerequisite for developing an industrial approach aiming at the production of patulin-free products.

Highlights

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging to several genera, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria
The products of PAT degradation have been identified as (E)-ascladiol, (Z)-ascladiol and desoxypatulinic acid (DPA); (E)-ascladiol is a transient or less stable product, while DPA and (Z)-ascladiol are the final metabolites of PAT degradation [15] (Figure 1)
R. kratochvilovae LS11, R. paludigenum [17] and S. cerevisiae [29], our results confirm that PAT degradation is an enzyme-mediated mechanism and that the synthesis of the relevant enzyme(s) is likely induced by PAT treatment, further suggesting that PAT metabolization is itself a mechanism of resistance that contributes to overcoming PAT toxicity together with the activation of defense mechanisms described above

Summary

Introduction

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging to several genera, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Alternaria. Besides their economical importance due to crops infection and product losses, their toxic secondary metabolites represent a health risk to humans and animals. The maximum content of some mycotoxins in harvested commodities and derived products has been established by national and international organizations, and the reduction of mycotoxin contamination is an important research focus. The carcinogenic risk of PAT is classified in group 3 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [2], and this has led to the establishment of a maximum tolerable daily intake for PAT of P. expansum, the causative agent of the blue mould disease of stored apples, is the main PAT producer and its infections result in PAT contamination of apples, pears, and their derived products [1].

Objectives

Results

Discussion

Conclusion