Abstract
Background: Treatment of mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) is challenging as their behavior and clinical conditions can be traced to a complex constellation of major mental disorders, substance use and antisocial lifestyle. Finding subgroups of these offenders, which could guide treatment and risk assessment, is desirable. There are few long-term, prospective studies of risk factors for persistent criminal behavior among MDOs.Aims: The aims are (1) to provide a map of lifetime criminality in MDOs, (2) to identify subgroups of offenders, and (3), if such clusters exist, to test whether they differ in lifetime criminality and patterns of negative events during in-patient treatment.Methods: Background data on all offenders from the Malmö University Hospital catchment area sentenced to forensic psychiatric in-patient treatment 1999–2005 (n = 125) was collected. Data on negative events during treatment (violence, threats, absconding and substance use) from date of admittance until discharge or until June 30, 2008 was gathered. Court decisions for 118 of the cohort-individuals were collected from the 1st of January 1973 until December 31, 2013. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to identify subgroups and MANOVA-analysis to examine differences between these clusters on lifetime criminality variables and negative events. A MANCOVA was used to control for time in treatment.Results: The cohort was sentenced to a total of 3,380 crimes (944 violent) during the study period. Median age at first crime was 20 years (range 15–72), and at first violent crime 27 years (range 15–72). A subgroup (n = 26) was characterized by childhood adversities, neurodevelopmental disorders and later substance use disorders and was more often associated with substance-related crimes, financial crimes and lower age at first crime. During treatment, this cluster showed higher rates of substance use and threats. When controlling for treatment time, no differences in negative events were found.Conclusions: This study replicated findings from prison populations of the existence of a more criminally persistent phenotype characterized by early-onset neurodevelopmental and behavior disorders, childhood adversities and later substance use disorders. We did not find this cluster of variables to be related to negative events during inpatient treatment when controlling for length of stay.
Highlights
Pathways to delinquent behavior, and for some, to a lifelong antisocial lifestyle have interested researchers for decades [1,2,3] as the economic consequences of crime are painstakingly high and as the suffering of the victims is immeasurable
The present study is part of the UPPRÄTT-Malmö project, which has followed a total cohort of all 125 individuals (101 men and 24 women) who were sentenced to forensic psychiatric in-patient treatment during 1999–2005
It is a fair assumption that there is a large quantity of criminal behavior not reported in this study and that the cohort as a whole could be described as having various forms of persistent criminal careers
Summary
For some, to a lifelong antisocial lifestyle have interested researchers for decades [1,2,3] as the economic consequences of crime are painstakingly high and as the suffering of the victims is immeasurable. To explore the emergence of criminal career patterns, the developmental taxonomic theory in its original outline [6] posits that two groups of offenders can be identified; a smaller group described as life course persistent offenders and a larger group of so-called adolescent-limited offenders The former exhibits a high level of aggressive and antisocial behavior with an onset in childhood and persistence into adulthood, a skewed maleto-female sex ratio, a higher incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs, including ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, tics disorder, learning disabilities, intellectual disability and conduct disorders), and childhood adversities. Treatment of mentally disordered offenders (MDOs) is challenging as their behavior and clinical conditions can be traced to a complex constellation of major mental disorders, substance use and antisocial lifestyle Finding subgroups of these offenders, which could guide treatment and risk assessment, is desirable.
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