Abstract
Soybean is an important, high protein source of food and feed. However, like other agricultural grains, soybean may pose a risk to human and animal health due to contamination of the grains with toxigenic Fusaria and associated mycotoxins. In this study, we investigated the diversity of Fusaria on a panel of 104 field isolates obtained from soybean grains during the growing seasons in 2017–2020. The results of species-specific PCR analyses showed that Fusarium avenaceum was the most common (n = 40) species associated with soybean grains in Poland, followed by F. equiseti (n = 22) and F. sporotrichioides (11 isolates). A set of isolates, which was not determined based on PCR analyses, was whole genome sequenced. Multiple sequence analyses using tef-1α, top1, rpb1, rpb2, tub2, pgk, cam and lsu genes showed that most of them belonged to Equiseti clade. Three cryptic species from this clade: F. clavum, F. flagelliforme and FIESC 31 (lacking Latin binomial) were found on soybean for the first time. This is the first report demonstrating the prevalence of Fusaria on soybean grains in Poland.
Highlights
The continuous growth of the global population demands an improvement of protein production with an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient practice
A range of other Fusaria such as F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg [8], F. sporotrichioides Scherb [9], F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc. [10], F. semitectum Berk. and Ravenel [11], F. fujikuroi Nirenberg [8], F. graminearum Schwabe [12], F. proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg [8] and fungi from F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex may be involved in the contamination of soybean grains posing threat to human and animal health due to mycotoxin production [13,14,15,16,17,18,19] (Table 1)
Soybean contrary to results highlight the predominance of F. avenaceum, which, contrary to previous previousstudies, studies,our our results highlight the predominance of F. avenaceum, to date, was rarely reported on soybean
Summary
The continuous growth of the global population demands an improvement of protein production with an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient practice. Soybean is one of the most important crops worldwide with the highest protein content (40–42%) of all crops and is the second, after groundnut, to oil content (18–22%) of legumes [1,2]. It is currently the most widely cultivated legume crop occupying around 6% of the total land surface [3]. A range of other Fusaria such as F. verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg [8], F. sporotrichioides Scherb [9], F. equiseti (Corda) Sacc. [10], F. semitectum Berk. and Ravenel [11], F. fujikuroi Nirenberg [8], F. graminearum Schwabe [12], F. proliferatum (Matsush.) Nirenberg [8] and fungi from F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex may be involved in the contamination of soybean grains posing threat to human and animal health due to mycotoxin production [13,14,15,16,17,18,19] (Table 1)
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