Abstract
Periodontal diseases comprise a large group of predominantly infectious and/or inflammatory disorders affecting periodontal tissues. They are diagnosed by assessment of the dento-gingival area, including the the gingival sulcus depth, and the presence of bleeding with radiographic assessment of the alveolar bone. The prevalence of periodontitis (PD) is reported to be 20-50% worldwide;(1) while the aggressive form of PD is found in less than 10% of the population/2,3). Periodontitis is a chronic infectious/inflammatory disease of multi-factorial etiology(4) with a number of risk factors that are shared with other chronic inflammatory conditions; increasing age, low socio-economic conditions, stress, increased body weight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cigarette smoking and Diabetes mellitus.(5-6) Systemic reviews have shown a clear association between PD and coronary heart diseases (CHD) emphasizing the need to consider PD as a risk factor for CHD.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases comprise a large group of predominantly infectious and/or inflammatory disorders affecting periodontal tissues
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious/inflammatory disease of multi-factorial etiology[4] with a number of risk factors that are shared with other chronic inflammatory conditions; increasing age, low socio-economic conditions, stress, increased body weight, dyslipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, cigarette smoking and Diabetes mellitus.[5,6] Systemic reviews have shown a clear association between PD and coronary heart diseases (CHD) emphasizing the need to consider PD as a risk factor for CHD.[5]
Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a common chronic condition with increasing prevalence all over the world, especially in the Middle East, with a well known effect on oral cavity conditions,(7'8) the degree of glycemic control having an impact on gingivitis, teeth loss, dental caries, periodontitis and bone loss.(9"18) The mechanism is attributed to diabetic microvascular complications with sub-gingival microbiota(19'20) and alteration in the immuno-inflammatory response to pathogens,(21'22) which may lead to hyperresponse of monocyte macrophage phenotypes resulting in significant increase in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators/23-255
Summary
Periodontal diseases comprise a large group of predominantly infectious and/or inflammatory disorders affecting periodontal tissues They are diagnosed by assessment of the dento-gingival area, including the the gingival sulcus depth, and the presence of bleeding with radiographic assessment of the alveolar bone. Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a common chronic condition with increasing prevalence all over the world, especially in the Middle East, with a well known effect on oral cavity conditions,(7'8) the degree of glycemic control having an impact on gingivitis, teeth loss, dental caries, periodontitis and bone loss.(9"18) The mechanism is attributed to diabetic microvascular complications with sub-gingival microbiota(19'20) and alteration in the immuno-inflammatory response to pathogens,(21'22) which may lead to hyperresponse of monocyte macrophage phenotypes resulting in significant increase in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators/23-255. The results of this study suggest that diabetes and poor glycemic control may not be associated with an increased prevalence of past coronal and root/surface experience in older adults
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