Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus suis, a global zoonotic pathogen of pigs, has been mostly studied only in diseased animals using surveys that have not evaluated changes over time.We compared patterns of resistance between S. suis isolates from clinical cases of disease (CC) and non-clinical case (NCC) pigs in England, collected over two discrete periods, 2009–2011 and 2013–2014. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 17 antimicrobials (nine classes) were determined on 405 S. suis isolates categorised by sampling period and disease association to assess changes in resistance over time and association with disease. First, isolates were characterized as resistant or susceptible using published clinical breakpoints. Second, epidemiological cut-offs (ECOFF) were derived from MIC values, and isolates classified as wild type (WT) below the ECOFF and non-wild type (NWT) above the ECOFF. Finally, isolate subsets were analysed for shifts in MIC distribution.NCC isolates were more resistant than CC isolates to cephalosporins, penams, pleuromutilins, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines in both study periods. Resistance levels among CC isolates increased in 2013–2014 relative to 2009–2011 for antimicrobials including aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, pleuromutilins, potentiated sulphonamides and tetracyclines. The prevalence of isolates categorised as NWT for five or more classes of antimicrobials was greater among NCC than CC isolates for both time periods, and increased with time. This study used standardised methods to identify significant shifts in antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of S. suis isolated from pigs in England, not only over time but also between isolates from known clinical cases or disease-free pigs.
Highlights
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a global pig pathogen which has a major impact on productivity, antimicrobial use and pig welfare (Gottschalk, 2012)
There is marked and large diversity among S. suis strains, with 33 serotypes based on capsular polysaccharides (Gottschalk, 2012), and many non-serotypable strains exist, but most clinical cases are caused by a small number of serotypes
This study describes the comparative phenotypic antimicrobial resistance characteristics of 405 isolates of S. suis from commercial slaughter pigs in England, representing carefully catalogued isolates of known disease-associated or non-disease associated provenance, from two time periods (2009–2011 and 2013–2014)
Summary
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a global pig pathogen which has a major impact on productivity, antimicrobial use and pig welfare (Gottschalk, 2012). Human disease due to S. suis was first described in Europe in the 1950s (Wertheim et al, 2009). In Great Britain, S. suis is one of the most common causes of systemic disease in post-weaned pigs to be reported by diagnostic laboratories in recent years, resulting in septicemia, meningitis, pneumonia and arthritis. There is marked and large diversity among S. suis strains, with 33 serotypes based on capsular polysaccharides (Gottschalk, 2012), and many non-serotypable strains exist, but most clinical cases are caused by a small number of serotypes. Disease associated strains are characterized by an ensembles of a diverse group of virulence related genes, which may vary geographically, and other genomic features but other strains with apparently low pathogenic potential can be isolated widely
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