Patterns, mechanisms and spatial scale of aggregation in generalist and specialist predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Abstract

Prey species often distribute themselves patchily in their habitats. In response to this spatial variation in prey density, some predator species aggregate in patches of higher prey density. This paper reviews a series of laboratory experiments to demonstrate the patterns of responses by phytoseiid predators (Phytoseiulus persimilis, Typhlodromus occidentalis and Amblyseius andersoni) to spatial variation in the density of their spider mite prey (Tetranychus urticae) and reveal the behavioural mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. In addition, patterns of aggregation were examined at a variety of spatial scales on plants in greenhouses. The patterns, mechanisms and spatial scale of aggregation in three predatory species are discussed in relation to their varying degrees of polyphagy. The results show that a specialist predator species (1) aggregates more strongly than generalist predators, (2) does so not because it finds prey patches of high density more easily but because it remains in these patches longer than generalist predators and (3) tends to aggregate more often at lower levels of spatial scale than generalist predators. It is suggested that these conclusions, based mainly on laboratory studies of a small sample of species, should be tested in the future on a wider selection of specialist and generalist species at different scales in the field.