Abstract
A volcano can be defined as a complex system, not least for the hidden clues related to its internal nature. Innovative models grounded in the Artificial Sciences, have been proposed for a novel pattern recognition analysis at Mt. Etna volcano. The reference monitoring dataset dealt with real data of 28 parameters collected between January 2001 and April 2005, during which the volcano underwent the July-August 2001, October 2002-January 2003 and September 2004-April 2005 flank eruptions. There were 301 eruptive days out of an overall number of 1581 investigated days. The analysis involved successive steps. First, the TWIST algorithm was used to select the most predictive attributes associated with the flank eruption target. During his work, the algorithm TWIST selected 11 characteristics of the input vector: among them SO2 and CO2 emissions, and also many other attributes whose linear correlation with the target was very low. A 5 × 2 Cross Validation protocol estimated the sensitivity and specificity of pattern recognition algorithms. Finally, different classification algorithms have been compared to understand if this pattern recognition task may have suitable results and which algorithm performs best. Best results (higher than 97% accuracy) have been obtained after performing advanced Artificial Neural Networks, with a sensitivity and specificity estimates over 97% and 98%, respectively. The present analysis highlights that a suitable monitoring dataset inferred hidden information about volcanic phenomena, whose highly non-linear processes are enhanced.
Highlights
The main goal of this article is a Pattern Recognition; in other words, we have tried to understand if an eruption can be recognized, using only the distributed geo-information detected every day by local sensors
We have shown in many previous papers [6]-[19] that the TWIST algorithm outperforms the other splitting strategy in terms of results when they are applied to real medical data and to classic datasets available from the UCI Machine Learning Repository [20]
The data contains the hidden information related to the flank eruption
Summary
Eruptions occur from flank fissures concentrated mainly along the NE and S rift zones on the slopes of the volcano (Figure 1). These events have critical socioeconomic consequences, especially due to lava flows that threaten the densely urbanized area surrounding the city of Catania (almost one million people) and major infrastructures (e.g. international airport, railway and skiing stations). Implementing a great variety of innovative models based on the Artificial Sciences is proposed. Artificial Sciences (hereafter, AS) enable comprehending natural processes by reproducing those same processes by automatic models
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