Pattern of stigma numbers as a taxonomic character in some didemnid ascidians (Aplousobranchia: Didemnidae)

Abstract

Colonial animals are often lacking in taxonomic characters due to their small size and the simple morphology of zooids.Since zooid size is nearly uniform in many colonial ascidians, the stigma numbers in each row can be a useful taxonomiccharacter. To evaluate their potential utility, we investigated intraspecific variations in stigma patterns in a subset ofphotosymbiotic didemnid ascidians, including five morphotypes of Didemnum molle, Lissoclinum midui, Trididemnumclinides, and T. nubilum. Stigma number patterns were almost stable in L. midui and T. nubilum. In contrast, there wasconsiderable variation in stigma number even among clone zooids within the same colony in D. molle and T. clinides.Further, the stigma patterns did not differentiate the five morphotypes of D. molle. There was no significant correlationbetween the total number of stigma and the length of the thorax in any of the species examined here, suggesting that stigmanumber is probably invariable within each zooid. Stigma patterns can be usable as a taxonomic character in didemnidascidians, particularly in species having one or a few patterns. Even in species with various patterns, the range of variationwill be informative once such ranges are comprehensively described for didemnid species.