Abstract
Shapes of biological membranes are dynamically regulated in living cells. Although membrane shape deformation by proteins at thermal equilibrium has been extensively studied, nonequilibrium dynamics have been much less explored. Recently, chemical reaction propagation has been experimentally observed in plasma membranes. Thus, it is important to understand how the reaction–diffusion dynamics are modified on deformable curved membranes. Here, we investigated nonequilibrium pattern formation on vesicles induced by mechanochemical feedback between membrane deformation and chemical reactions, using dynamically triangulated membrane simulations combined with the Brusselator model. We found that membrane deformation changes stable patterns relative to those that occur on a non-deformable curved surface, as determined by linear stability analysis. We further found that budding and multi-spindle shapes are induced by Turing patterns, and we also observed the transition from oscillation patterns to stable spot patterns. Our results demonstrate the importance of mechanochemical feedback in pattern formation on deforming membranes.
Highlights
Shapes of biological membranes are dynamically regulated in living cells
We have examined the coupling effects between a reaction–diffusion system and membrane deformation by simulating membrane deformation using a dynamically triangulated surface model
The stability of both Turing and oscillation dynamics depend on the membrane shape
Summary
Shapes of biological membranes are dynamically regulated in living cells. membrane shape deformation by proteins at thermal equilibrium has been extensively studied, nonequilibrium dynamics have been much less explored. We investigated the coupling effects between membrane deformation and reaction–diffusion systems by simulating vesicle deformation through curvature-inducing proteins and chemical reactions using a reaction–diffusion model.
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