PATOGENESITAS Spodoptera exigua NUCLEO POLYHEDRO VIRUS UNTUK MENGENDALIKAN HAMA ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera exigua Hubn) DI PERTANAMAN BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum) SECARA IN VITRO

Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) is an entomophathogenic virus of S. exigua larvae commonly used as bioinsecticide. This research was aimed to 1) study the symptoms of SeNPV infection on the S. exigua larvae in the laboratory, 2) examine the virulence of SeNPV on the 3rd instar of S. exigua larvae and (3) find out the optimal concentration of polyhedra and harvesting time. The infection of SeNPV on the S. exigua larvae was inhibited molting process and disturbing larval growth. The color of infected larvae gradually changed become more dark, and at the end of infection, larvae died with fragile and broken integument. Infected larvae showed reduction in feeding activities. The LC50 of SeNPV on 3rd instar larvae in the laboratory was estimated 6.65 x 105 POBs/ml. The polyhedra concentration used for virus propagation was 5.88 x 106 POBs/ml. The optimal harvesting time was 5 days after inoculation, where most of the infected larvae had died but the body still intact. Keywords: Pathology, symptom, virulence, Spodoptera exigua, SeNPV

Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) is a viral pathogen of onion caterpillar S. exigua with high pathogenicity. One of the major constraints to the use of SeNPV for biocontrol of onion caterpillar is its sensitivity to ultraviolet (UV) degradation. The purposes of this research were to determine the effect of sunlight exposure on the virulence of SeNPV and to find out the effective natural UV protectant to maintain the SeNPV virulence. The results showed that the sunlight radiation affects the SeNPV infectivity. Addition of 1% of coconut shell charcoal, lampblack, husk charcoal, yam flour, molasses, yam filtrate, turmeric filtrate and green tea filtrate to the SeNPV suspension were found to be effective as UV protectant. Coconut shell charcoal, lampblack and husk charcoal are activated carbon that can absorb UV light. Yam filtrate is a natural ingredient that contains saponins and is able to protect SeNPV particles as reflectance. While molasses, turmeric filtrate and green tea filtrate containing flavanoid serve as a protective virus particles and UV absorber.

A study aiming at comparing the effectiveness of seed extract of Phaleria papuena Warb and chemical insecticides for controlling beet armyworm pest ( Spodoptera exigua Hubner) at the onion crops has been conducted. The experiment was set up by using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and tree replicates. The treatments applied were: without insecticide application as a control (P0), botanical insecticide, Phaleria papuena extract 2% (P1), 4% (P2), and 6% (P3), and chemical insecticide, prevathon 50 SC (P4). Variables measured were Spodoptera exigua population density and intensity of pest infestation. Results showed that application of botanical and chemical insecticides significantly reducing the population density and the infestation of Spodoptera exigua . Effectiveness of Phaleria papuena extract 6% (P3) and prevathon (P4) was not significantly different in controlling Spodoptera exigua . In average, the application of Phaleria. papuena extract 6% (P3) and prevathon (P4) reduced population density at 9.4% and 9.3%, respectively, and infestation intensity of Spodoptera exigua 37.8% and 36.7%, respectively. These results suggest that the seed extract of Phaleria papuena is highly potential to be developed as botanical insecticide. Key Words : Botanical insecticides, Phaleria papuena, Spodoptera exigua.

Spodoptera exigua and Lyriomisa chinensis are one of the decstuctive insect and main obstacles in development of onion in Donggala. Pest control by chemicals has been widely reported to give a variety of negative impacts. Other efforts are needed as alternative technology to reduce impact of using synthetic chemical insecticides. One of them is entomopathogenic fungi as bio-insecticide. The objective of this research was to collect Beauveria spp. as enthomopathogen fungy. More specifically, number of Beauveria spp. was collected from several location and host as bio-insecticide formulation matter. There were 12 isolates of Beauveria spp. obtained from various locations in Central Sulawesi. Seven isolates from Lepidoptera while the remaining isolates were two from Homoptera, two from Hemiptera, and one from Coleoptera. Various insect species belong to Lepidoptera order investigated were Spodoptera exigua, Helicoperva armigera, Scirphopaga innotata, Ostrinia furnacalis and Plutella xylostella ; belong to Homoptera order were Nilaparvata lugens , and Aphids; belong to Hemiptera order were Leptocoryza acuta ; and belong to Coleoptera order was Oryctes rhinoceros . The observation indicated that the color of colony was ranged from yellowish white to white. There was no germination difference among the Beauveria spp. isolates in relationto to their location, host of insects, and insect orders. Differences in virulence showed only in Beauveria isolates from Spodoptera exigua with a high virulence against Spodoptera exigua pest and not for the other insects. Key Words : Beauveria bassiana , Bioinsecticide, Spodoptera exigua Hubn.

The purpose study was to determine the effect of various kinds of mulch on the infestation of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in onion crops . This research was conducted in the onion crop in the Bolu Pountu Jaya village, Sigi Biromaru Regency, Sigi Subdistric from January to March 2014. The study was using a randomized complete block design which consists of 4 treatments namely: without mulch (P0), rice straw mulch 4,5 kg/plot (P1), cocoa husk mulch 4,5 kg/plot (P2) and plastic mulch (P3). Observation variables consist of pest attack rate, crops height and production. The results showed that the mulching treatment have a significant effect of attack intensity of S.exigua on onion crop, but has no effect on crop height and production. Onion crops that grown without using a mulch have a high rate attack from pest than the onion without mulching. Key W ords : Onion , mulch, Spodoptera exigua.

The most serious insect pest on onion in I-Lan has been the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua in recent years. Since the beet armyworm larva feed inside the green onion without eating throughout of the tube, they are well protected from any insecticide spray or natural enemies. For the past several years, many insecticides were tested in the field, and none of them had ever provided satisfactory control. However, Metarhizium anisopliae, a newly developed entomopathogenic fungi was found to be an effective control agent to the beet armyworm in our recent tests for green onion. To further test the effect of this agent, the field experiment was conducted and 9 treatments consists of spraying 10 spores of entomopathogenic fungi-Metarhizium anisopliae at intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7days and control were randomly arranged in 3 blocks. The green onion sprayed with entomopathogenic fungi in different interval days were each fed with beet armyworm in 10 succession days, and the accumulated death percentages of beet armyworm were counted daily until 10 days feeding. The results indicated that spraying of Metarhizium anisopliae in every day and 1-day interval gave73.3∼70.0 and 78.9∼73.3 death percentage in the first and second tests, respectivily. The death percentage of beet armyworm was only 1.1∼1.7 for control, indicating the Metarhizium anisopliae control beet armyworn effectively in green onion.

Following the establish of a susceptible strain of beet armyworm BAW, Spodoptera exigua) in Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, the insecticide resistance of field-collected BAW had been determined. In the susceptible strain, methomyl and synthetic pyrethroid were the most effective insecticides followed by organophosphorus insecticides, while carbofuran and cartap were not effective. Wild BAWs collected from north, central and south of Taiwan were resistant to various insecticides in similar ranges. The resistance ratios were 10-20, 20-40 and 40-75 folds to synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphorus insecticides and methomyl, respectively. Synthetic pyrethroids are still useful for BAW control and bifenthrin is the most effective one. The development of insecticide resistance is obviously an important reason for the outbreak of BAW in green onion field in Taiwan. The resistance characters of BAW were compared with those of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella).

This study aimed to examine the effect of various insecticides against beet armyworm pest (S.exigua) and onion yield. The experiment were conducted in Poso district and arranged using arandomized block design (RBD) with two-factor treatment and tree replicates each. The first factorwas the type of Insecticides (I) consists of three treatments and one control, namely: (1) Noinsecticides (I0), (2) botanical insecticides (neem leaf extract) 50 g/l of water (I1). (3) Biologicalinsecticides, the fungus Beauveria bassiana 10 g/l of water (I2) and (4) chemical insecticides,Klensect 200 EC 1 ml/l of water (I3). The second factor was onion varieties composed of: (1) Bima(V1) and (2) Tinombo (V2) vartieties. Variabel measured included: S.exigua population density,percentage of attacks of S.exigua, and dry weight of tuber. The results showed that insecticidestreatment significantly affected the population density and S.exigua attacks on onion crops in thedistrict of Poso. The effectiveness of chemical and botanical insecticides on suppressing thepopulation density and the attack of S. exigua were nearly similar and significantly higher than thatof biological insecticide. The population density and percentage of S. exigua attacks did not differsignificantly in both varieties but dry weight of tuber was higher in Bima variety. There was nointeraction effect between insecticides and onion variety on population density and attackpercentage of S. exigua as well as on tuber weight. Key words : Insecticides, onion, S. exigua variety, and yield.

Prospect of pheromone sex development in controlling Spodoptera exigua on shallotThe main contraint in shallot cultivation is the high incidence of Spodoptera exigua. The pest causes significant damage on plant. To control the pest, farmers commonly use insecticides excessively. The intensive use of insecticides results in inefficiency and polluted environment. Therefore, breakthrough in controlling S. exigua is needed by using sex pheromone. Sex pheromone technology has been developed and tested in laboratory and in field and gave prospective results. Application of sex pheromone decreases the use of insecticide and production cost and increase farmers' income. Therefore, utilization of pheromone sex is prospective to be developed especially in shallot production centers and endemic for S. exigua.

Study natural enemy Spodoptera Exigua was condetd on onion agro ekosistem in farmers field Sungai Nanam Alahan Panjang West Sumatera from August to October 2009. Methode of the Riset was with sampling with out sprayed and sprayed insecticide of served with each week from plant age 20 days in one planting season. In land with out application insecticide and application insecticide there were no eggs and larva were paraside. The Natural enemy in land area with aut application insecticide and application lend. The bigger from dominand were from family Braconidae ordo Hymenoptera, followed by family Aracnidae ordo aracnida, family Forficulidae ordo Demaptera, family Coccinelidae Ordo Coleoptera, family Braconidae Ordo Hymenoptera dan family Tachinidae Ordo Diptera

A baculovirus virulence-associated protein, enhancin, was engineered for production in a baculovirus-insect cell expression system and used for transformation of tobacco plants. A recombinant Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcNPV) with the enhancin gene from Trichoplusia ni granulovirus, AcEnh26, was propagated in Sf9 cells. The infected cultured cells combined with either AcNPV occlusion bodies (OBs) or Spodoptera exigua NPV (SeNPV) OBs were fed to 3rd stadium larvae of S. exigua. Feeding larvae with AcEnh26-infected cells resulted in a 21-fold and 10-fold enhancement of infection by AcNPV and SeNPV, respectively, compared to controls. When a similar feeding assay was performed with engineered tobacco plants, a 10-fold enhancement of AcNPV infection was observed, but a marked enhancement of SeNPV infection was not observed. Thus, the engineering and expression of the baculovirus enhancin gene in homologous and heterologous organisms allowed us to analyze its effects on NPV infection of larvae which demonstrated its viral enhancement function.

Shallot (Allium cepa) is one type of horticultural commodities that have great opportunities in the agribusiness sector. However, the shallot cultivation has still been facing with beet armyworm ( Spodopter exigua ) pests. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of botanical pesticide made from chilli ( C. annuum ) and garlic ( A. sativum ) on mortality of larvae of S. exigua . The research was carried on in the Laboratory of Plant Pests, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tadulako from September to December 2015. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with seven treatments, each treatment was repeated three times so there were 21 experimental units. The composition of the treatmentswas as follows: control (p 0 , water only), 2 ml fresh chilli/100 ml water (p 1 ), 4 ml rotten chilli/100 ml water (p 2 ), 6 ml fresh garlic/100 ml water (p 3 ), 8 ml rotten garlic/100 ml water (p 4 ), 10 ml rotten chilli + rotten garlic/100 ml water (p 5 ), 12 ml fresh chilli + fresh garlic/100 ml water (p 6 ). The results showed that the concentration of 10 ml of rottenchilli + rottten garlic/100 ml water is very effective in suppressing the S. exigua larvae by 83% – 96% within 3 – 4 days after the botanical pest application. Keywords : Botanical pesticides, Mortality of Spodoptera exigua Hubner.

Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) are minute polyphagous wasps and endoparasitoids of lepidopteran eggs. The objective of this study was to identify Trichogramma species emerging from the eggs of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) attacking corn, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) in Bunga Raya, Siak, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, and individuals from an unidentified species obtained from a commercial laboratory in Jatisari, Karawang, West Java, Java, Indonesia. The emergence rate of Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. Khan & Ikram (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on an infestation containing eggs of both pest species, beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.) (both Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn ex Benth. (Fabaceae) also was evaluated in a nursery in Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau. Two Trichogramma species, namely Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and a new species, T. yousufi sp. nov., were recovered from the eggs of O. furnacalis in Bunga Raya. Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was identified as the species reared in the laboratory in Jatisari. Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. was compared and separated from its closer species, Trichogramma latipennis Haliday (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Trichogramma species, recovered from corn crops and 1 that also was reared in the laboratory, successfully parasitized the eggs of S. exigua and S. litura under controlled conditions. The emergence rate of T. yousufi sp. nov. was recorded at 24.79 to 40.82%, with the highest percentage for more adults of this parasitoid released per m2 in the nursery, indicating its potential to be employed as a biological control agent of Spodoptera in natural conditions. Resumen Las especies Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) son avispas polifagas diminutas y endoparasitoides de huevos de lepidopteros. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies de Trichogramma que emergen de los huevos del barrenador asiatico del maiz, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) que ataca al maiz, Zea mays L. (Poaceae) en Bunga Raya, Siak, Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia, e individuos de una especie no identificada obtenida de un laboratorio comercial en Jatisari, Karawang, Java Occidental, Java, Indonesia. Se evaluo la tasa de emergencia de Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. Khan e Ikram (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) en una infestacion que tenia huevos de ambas especies de plagas, el gusano del ejercito de remolacha, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), y el gusano del tabaco, Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), en Acacia crassicarpa A. Cunn ex Benth. (Fabaceae) tambien en un vivero en Pangkalan Kerinci, Riau. Las dos especies de Trichogramma, Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), y la nueva especie, T. yousufi sp. nov., fueron recuperados de los huevos de O. furnacalis en Bunga Raya. Trichogramma poliae Nagaraja (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) fue identificada como la especie criada en el laboratorio en Jatisari. Trichogramma yousufi sp. nov. fue comparada y separada de su especie mas cercana, Trichogramma latipennis Haliday (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Las especies de Trichogramma, recuperadas de cultivos de maiz, y una criada en el laboratorio, parasitaron con exito los huevos de S. exigua y S. litura en condiciones controladas. Se registro la tasa de emergencia de T. yousufi sp. nov. en 24.79 a 40.82%, con el porcentaje mas alto para adultos de este parasitoide liberado por m2 en el vivero, lo que indica su potencial para ser empleado como agente de control biologico de Spodoptera en condiciones naturales. Key Words: new species; Ostrinia furnacalis; parasitism rate View this article in BioOne

This study examines the assumption that plant resistance to herbivory has fitness costs. To assess costs, I used the standard method of determining whether there is a significant negative genetic correlation between the resistance character and damage in the presence of herbivory and with fitness in the absence of herbivory. Seeds of five plants from four genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana were sown under controlled conditions in a growth chamber. Half of the resulting two months-old rosettes were used for glucosinolate analysis and for herbivory assessment. The other half was transplanted into an enclosure in the natural habitat of this plant and fitness (fruit number) was measured after harvesting the plants. Caterpillars from Spodoptera exigua were obtained from a lab culture for herbivory assessment. Two second instar caterpillars from S. exigua were placed on each of rosettes. Larval weight of caterpillars was measured after 5 days. One hundred mg dry mass of leaves of 5 rosettes of each genotypes were used for HPLC analysis. There were genetic variations in types and quantities of glucosinolate between genotypes. The results from herbivory assessment showed that the larval weight of S. exigua fed on some genotypes was significantly lower than others, and therefore there was genetic variation in resistance to herbivore for A. thaliana genotypes. Statistical analysis showed that the larval weight of S. exigua was negatively correlated with total glucosinolate concentration and with fruit number. Therefore under the condition of this experiment, glucosinolstes reduced damaged by S. exigua and exhibited significant fitness costs.

Studies on replication and host specificity of Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus