Patient Safety Perceptions in Pediatric Out-of-Hospital Emergency Care: Children's Safety Initiative

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To characterize emergency medical service (EMS) providers' perceptions of the factors that contribute to safety events and errors in the out-of-hospital emergency care of children. We used a Delphi process to achieve consensus in a national sample of 753 emergency medicine physicians and EMS professionals. Convergence and stability were achieved in 3 rounds, and findings were reviewed and interpreted by a national expert panel. Forty-four (88%) states were represented, and 66% of participants were retained through all 3 rounds. From an initial set of 150 potential contributing factors derived from focus groups and literature, participants achieved consensus on the following leading contributors: airway management, heightened anxiety caring for children, lack of pediatric skill proficiency, lack of experience with pediatric equipment, and family members leading to delays or interference with care. Somewhat unexpectedly, medications and communication were low-ranking concerns. After thematic analysis, the overarching domains were ranked by their relative importance: (1) clinical assessment; (2) training; (3) clinical decision-making; (4) equipment; (5) medications; (6) scene characteristics; and (7) EMS cultural norms. These findings raise considerations for quality improvement and suggest important roles for pediatricians and pediatric emergency physicians in training, medical oversight, and policy development.