Abstract
Recently, patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of many types of tumors including breast cancer have emerged as a powerful tool for predicting drug efficacy and for understanding tumor characteristics. PDXs are established by the direct transfer of human tumors into highly immunodeficient mice and then maintained by passaging from mouse to mouse. The ability of PDX models to maintain the original features of patient tumors and to reflect drug sensitivity has greatly improved both basic and clinical study outcomes. However, current PDX models cannot completely predict drug efficacy because they do not recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of origin, a failure which puts emphasis on the necessity for the development of the next generation PDX models. In this article, we summarize the advantages and limitations of current PDX models and discuss the future directions of this field.
Highlights
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women worldwide, though much progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment strategies over the several decades
Kabos et al showed that the xenografts derived from luminal tumor expressed estrogen receptor (ER) at a similar level to patient tumors of origin [50]
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models cannot reproduce the interaction between cancer cells and immune cells which exist in patient tumors
Summary
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women worldwide, though much progress has been made in diagnosis and treatment strategies over the several decades. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have recently been developed to better reflect the heterogeneity of patient tumors of origin. These models are expected to improve therapeutic strategies against breast cancer. PDX models have been established for many types of tumors including breast cancer [2], colorectal cancer [3], pancreatic cancer [4], B cell lymphoma [5], lung cancer [6], and ovarian cancer [7] These PDX models have started to be widely used for drug development and pre- or co-clinical trials. We compare the advantages of PDX and other cancer models, summarize research utilizing PDX models, and discuss some limitations and future directions of PDX models, mainly focusing on breast cancer PDXs
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