Pathways of inorganic nitrogen assimilation in chemoautotrophic bacteria-marine invertebrate symbioses: expression of host and symbiont glutamine synthetase

Abstract

Symbioses between chemoautotrophic bacteria and marine invertebrates living at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and other sulfide-rich environments function autotrophically by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide as an energy source and fixing carbon dioxide into organic compounds. For chemoautotrophy to support growth, these symbioses must be capable of inorganic nitrogen assimilation, a process that is not well understood in these or other aquatic symbioses. Pathways of inorganic nitrogen assimilation were investigated in several of these symbioses: the vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana, the vent bivalves Calyptogena magnifica and Bathymodiolus thermophilus, and the coastal bivalve Solemya velum. Nitrate reductase activity was detected in R. pachyptila, T. jerichonana and B. thermophilus, but not in C. magnifica and S. velum. This is evidence for nitrate utilization, either assimilation or respiration, by some vent species and is consistent with the high levels of nitrate availability at vents. The ammonia assimilation enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) were detected in all symbioses tested, indicating that ammonia resulting from nitrate reduction or from environmental uptake can be incorporated into amino acids. A complicating factor is that GS and GDH are potentially of both host and symbiont origin, making it unclear which partner is involved in assimilation. GS, which is considered to be the primary ammonia-assimilating enzyme of autotrophs, was investigated further. Using a combination of molecular and biochemical approaches, host and symbiont GS were distinguished in the intact association. On the basis of Southern hybridizations, immunoreactivity, subunit size and thermal stability, symbiont GS was found to be a prokaryote GS. Host GS was distinct from prokaryote GS. The activities of host and symbiont GS were separated by anion-exchange chromatography and quantified. Virtually all activity in symbiont-containing tissue was due to symbiont GS in R. pachyptila, C. magnifica and B. thermophilus. In contrast, no symbiont GS activity was detected in the gill of S. velum, the predominant activity in this species appearing to be host GS. These findings suggest that ammonia is primarily assimilated by the symbionts in vent symbioses, whereas in S. velum ammonia is first assimilated by the host. The relationship between varying patterns of GS expression and host-symbiont nutritional exchange is discussed.