Pathway of Infections and Virulence Factors in Endodontics

Abstract

Endodontic treatment has increasingly become a preferred method for tooth preservation, largely due to its consistently high success rates. The success of endodontic therapy, aimed at tooth preservation, has improved due to a deeper understanding of endodontic pathology and advancements in treatment methods. Infections within the root canal, leading to apical periodontitis, are typically polymicrobial with a significant role played by obligate anaerobic bacteria. The study highlights the importance of understanding the intricate pathways of infection, such as through dentinal tubules, open cavities, the periodontal membrane, and the bloodstream, as well as the impact of faulty dental restorations. Key to managing these infections is an in-depth knowledge of the endodontic microbiota and its interplay with various disease states. The review also underscores the role of virulence factors in the pathogenesis of endodontic infections. These factors contribute to bacterial behavior, including adherence, invasion, evasion of host defenses, and induction of proinflammatory cytokines. Understanding these complex interactions is essential for developing effective treatment strategies and enhancing the field of endodontics, with a focus on maintaining long-term oral and overall health.