Abstract
1 O.U. of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy of Sant’Antonio Abate Hospital, Erice Casa Santa, Trapani, Italy. 2 O.U. of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy of Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti Villa Sofia Cervello, Palermo, Italy. 3 Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Therapy Department, Catholic University, Medical School, Rome, Italy. 4 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, University 'Sapienza' of Rome, Italy.
Highlights
We provide a review based on the current literature concerning the epidemiology and pathophysiology of Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I)
Complex regional pain syndrome Type I (CRPS I), previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), is a painful and disabling disorder that can occur in an extremity after a minor trauma or surgery or may develop spontaneously [1,2,3]
A separate search was conducted in Medline, using the query ‘complex regional pain syndrome Type I’ combined with one of the following queries: for autonomic nervous system dysfunction was used 'sympathetic nervous system' or 'sympathetically maintained pain'; for inflammation, 'inflammation' or 'neurogenic inflammation' or 'neuropeptide' or 'hypoxia'; for central sensitization, 'hyperalgesia' or 'wind-up' or 'N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor' or 'glial cells'; for brain plasticity, 'cortical reorganization' or 'referred sensations' or 'hemisensory impairment'; for psychological factors, 'psychology' or 'psychiatric' or 'behavior'
Summary
Complex regional pain syndrome Type I (CRPS I), previously known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), is a painful and disabling disorder that can occur in an extremity after a minor trauma or surgery or may develop spontaneously [1,2,3]. This topical review describes the epidemiology and focuses on updated pathophysiologic mechanisms of CRPS I. Complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I), known as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), develops as disabling painful disorder following a trauma or surgery to a limb. The complexity and diversity of the mechanisms involved will be liable to the heterogeneity of the clinical presentation and may explain the difficulty of achieving an evidence-based treatment of CRPS I
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