Pathophysiology, life style intervention and complications of Type-2 diabetes: A review

Abstract

Background: Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion. This study aims to investigate the pathophysiology comprehensively, assess the impact of lifestyle interventions, and delineate the complications associated with T2DM. Methodology: A thorough literature review was conducted to elucidate the multifaceted pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to T2DM. Lifestyle interventions, including dietary modifications and physical activity, were evaluated based on clinical trials, observational studies, evidence-based guidelines, and relevant epidemiological and clinical studies. Result and discussion: The pathophysiology of T2DM involves intricate interactions between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices. Insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidaemia, and oxidative stress collectively contribute to the progression of the disease. Lifestyle interventions, dietary modifications, emphasizing a balanced and nutrient-dense diet, along with tailored exercise regimens, demonstrated efficacy in improving glycaemic control and overall metabolic health. Furthermore, identifying complications in T2DM highlights the importance of early detection, risk mitigation, and comprehensive care strategies. Conclusion: This comprehensive study provides insights into the pathophysiology of T2DM, underscores the efficacy of lifestyle interventions, and delineates the diverse complications associated with the condition. It emphasizes the important role of lifestyle-oriented control of T2DM, with a focus on prevention and early intervention to mitigate complications and enhance a holistic and targeted approaches to improve the lives of individuals affected by this chronic metabolic disorder.