“Pathological” Martian craters: Evidence for a transient obliteration event?

Abstract

— We have detected three unusual, low-relief circular features, 1.2 to 2.1 km in diameter, in the northwest Noachis highlands, which may be craters that have undergone isostatic deformation. They may shed light on the existence, nature, and timing of suspected widespread Martian erosion/obliteration events, and offer clues to a type of Martian terrain softening. In the surrounding area, we find an anomalous deficiency of craters in the 3–11 km diameter range and evidence that larger, older craters have undergone relief softening and infill. We discuss three different hypotheses to explain these features, two of which involve Martian ice. This region may have undergone a transient event in which a near-surface permafrost layer (several hundred meters deep) underwent partial melting or softening. This would allow relaxation of kilometer-scale craters and softening of larger craters. Crater data presented here suggest that this event happened some time in mid-Martian history. Whether the event was regional or related to global-scale events is uncertain, though it may represent a class of events that also happened in other Martian areas.