Pathological correlation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging features in a classical case of lipomatous meningioma

Abstract

Meningiomas are common tumors, constituting about 20% of all primary brain tumors.[4] The histological subtype of lipomatous meningioma, resulting from lipid accumulation within meningothelial cells, is a well-described but uncommon entity, representing approximately 0.3% of meningiomas.[2,3] In the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the nervous system (2000), meningiomas with lipomatous changes were classified as metaplastic meningiomas (WHO Grade 1), and it has been documented that the clinical features, surgical management, and prognosis of lipomatous meningiomas are no different from those of other WHO Grade 1 meningiomas.[2] We report the case of a middle-aged women presenting with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of a classical “lipomatous” meningioma and correlate the radiological findings with the histopathological features of this uncommon tumor. A 44-year-old female presented with history of long-standing generalized tonic-clonic seizures of 9 years duration on antiepileptic medications. MRI of the brain revealed a well-demarcated, extra-axial, dural-based, right anterior one-third, parasagittal lesion with predominant areas of intrinsic T1- and T2-weighted hyperintensity [Figure ​[Figure1a1a and ​andb].b]. Hyperostosis of the overlying calvarium was evident. On fat-suppressed fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) images, the areas of T1-weighted hyperintensity were suppressed that corresponded to the fat content [Figure 1c]. Moderate edema was evident in the underlying right frontal lobe. On susceptibility weighted imaging, extensive susceptibility (or blooming) was noted within the lesion [Figure 1d]. Postcontrast T1 magnetization prepared rapid gradient-echo axial and sagittal images revealed intense heterogeneous enhancement within the lesion with a dural tail [Figure ​[Figure1e1e and ​andf].f]. The patient underwent right frontal parasagittal craniotomy and Simpson Grade 1 excision of the tumor. The tumor on gross appearance was bright yellow and greasy [Figure 2a]. Histopathology revealed large lobules of mature adipose tissue within which were nesting islands of meningothelial cells forming whorls [Figure ​[Figure2a2a–c], characteristic of a metaplastic (lipomatous) meningioma. Fine intracellular vacuolation was evident within meningothelial cells [Figure 2d]. On close examination, these vacuolations were highlighted on Oil red O stain, confirming its neutral lipid nature [Figure 2d, inset]. At follow-up (1 year), patient is asymptomatic. Figure 1 Magnetic resonance imaging findings in a classical case of lipomatous meningioma. (a) T1-axial, (b) T2-axial, (c) fluid attenuation inversion recovery-axial, (d) susceptibility weighted imaging-axial, (e) T1 magnetization prepared rapid gradient-echo-axial, ... Figure 2 (a) Gross appearance of the tumor that is bright yellow and greasy; (b) scanner view of tumor reveals large lucent areas (*) separating islands of tumor cells; (c) microscopy reveals lobules of mature adipose tissue (*) separating whorls of meningothelial ... Lipomatous meningioma is a subtype of metaplastic meningioma, which was first described by Bailey and Bucy in 1931.[4] On imaging, lipomatous meningiomas have characteristic MRI findings, which, if taken into consideration, can provide preoperative diagnosis of this uncommon entity.[1,3,5] The tumor shows high intensity on T1- and T2-weighted MRI and the high-intensity area on T1-weighted MRI is changed to a low-intensity area on fat-suppressed T1-weighted imaging. Despite this, in the majority of cases, lipomatous meningioma is not diagnosed preoperatively and is often a histopathological diagnosis.[4] The preoperative differential diagnoses considered, in our case, were lipoma, dermoid cyst, teratoma, or xanthomatous meningioma. The classical “dural tail” sign, intense contrast enhancement of the lesion, and hyperostosis of the overlying calvarium were highly suggestive of meningioma; the suppression of T1-weighted hyperintense areas on FLAIR imaging indicated the lipomatous nature of the meningioma. Our report highlights the distinct MRI findings correlating with characteristic histopathological findings in a “classical case” of lipomatous meningioma. Financial Support and Sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of Interest There are no conflicts of interest.