Pathogenicity of Haemoproteus meleagridis (Haemosporina: Haemoproteidae) in Experimentally Infected Domestic Turkeys

Abstract

Sporozoite-induced experimental infections of Haemoproteus meleagridis produced a moderate to severe myositis and significant effects on weight gain and growth in domestic turkey poults. Pathological effects occurred in both low- and high-dose infections (4,400 and 57,500 sporozoites, respectively). Low-dose birds weighed significantly less than controls at 3 wk postinfection (PI) when peripheral parasitemia reached a peak and had significantly shorter tarsometatarsal lengths at both 1 and 3 wk PI. High-dose birds were significantly lighter and smaller than control and low-dose birds throughout the course of the 8-wk study. Infected birds were not anemic in spite of high parasitemias that often exceeded 50% of circulating erythrocytes. The most serious pathological effects occurred prior to patency and were associated with development of megaloschizonts in skeletal muscle. Microscopic lesions in 4 high-dose birds that died between 19 and 22 days PI were characteristic of a severe, acute hemorrhagic myositis. Megaloschizonts were surrounded by a hemorrhagic inflammatory infiltrate composed of macrophages, heterophils, giant cells, and red blood cells. Muscle fibers adjacent to megaloschizonts were swollen, hyaline, and contained prominent calcium deposits. Other observations included enlargement of the spleen, deposition of pigment in macrophages of the lung and spleen, and secondary bacterial and fungal infections in the intestine and lungs. Necrotic and calcified muscle fibers and degenerating megaloschizonts were still present at 8 wk PI when the experiment ended. Our results demonstrated significant pathological changes in H. meleagridis-infected domestic turkeys that were associated primarily with preerythrocytic stages of development.