Abstract
Considering a complex set of interplay with its host, Salmonella needs numerous genes for its full virulence. These genes responsible for invasion, survival, and extra intestinal spread are located on pathogenicity islands known as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) that are thought to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer. A total of 17 SPIs (1–17) are recognized so far. The type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded by SPI-1 is considered as the most important virulence factor for Salmonella that delivers effector proteins necessary for invasion and production of enteritis. Among various SPIs, the role in virulence is well proven for SPI1 and SPI2 and further insight into the complex regulatory network of SPIs can contribute to drug investigation and prevention of infection.
Highlights
Salmonellae are gram-negative bacteria and members of the family Enterobacteriales
Salmonellae encode a type III secretion system (T3SS) within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1, which is necessary for bacteriamediated endocytosis and epithelial invasion in the intestine
Genomic islands (GIs) such as integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrative mobilizable elements (IMEs) are clusters of genes inside a bacterial genome which seems to be acquired by horizontal gene transfer [6]
Summary
Salmonellae are gram-negative bacteria and members of the family Enterobacteriales. They are intestinal parasites of human and a wide variety of animals including wild birds, domestic pets, rodents, chickens etc. They are found in sewage, rivers and waters and soil. The genus Salmonella is divided into two species: Salmonella enterica that encompasses six subspecies (I, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI), and Salmonella bongori, which was earlier subspecies V [1]. Members of the seven Salmonella species can be serotyped into more than 2500 serotypes (serovars) based on somatic O and H antigens [1]
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