Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being a chronic inflammatory disease can be affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Abnormal functioning of immune response is the main underlying cause of RA. A growing number of studies on related diseases uncovered that microRNA (miRNA) may influence the pathogenesis of RA, such as the promotion of proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and secretion of cytokines by highly expressed miRNAs. A large number of studies have reported the aberrant expressions of miRNAs during the entire phase of RA, from the preclinical to terminal stages. These dynamic changes can be potentially developed as a bio-marker for predicting the risk, diagnosis and clinical management of RA. This chapter aims to summarize and discuss miRNAs’ roles and mechanisms in the process of RA development, differential diagnosis from other diseases, clinical management and refractory RA. Therefore, miRNA demonstrates future perspectives of diagnosis and treatment of clinical RA under the support of newly discovered theoretical basis.
Highlights
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, which causes joint deformity and disability in patients
We aim to review the different roles of miRNAs in RA, from the pathogenesis to clinical impact
It is worth mentioning that the studies on miRNA in RA are still limited, but the results verify its important role in immune response regulation and sustained inflammatory response to date
Summary
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease, which causes joint deformity and disability in patients. A large number of evidence showed that miRNAs participate in regulations of both innate and adaptive immunities by modulating cytokine signaling [5], such as the upregulations of miR-146 and miR-155 in LPSmediated innate immune response. A high expression level of miR-155 during thymic differentiation can increase Treg sensitivity to IL-2 and growth factors [6]. Given their important roles in cell regulation mechanisms and immunity responses, miRNAs have been frequently studied as potential bio-markers in diagnosis, target treatment, activity monitoring and therapy for RA disease. During the early stages of undifferentiated arthritis, a high expression level of miR-483 was only found in patients who developed RA. We aim to review the different roles of miRNAs in RA, from the pathogenesis to clinical impact
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