Abstract
Prevalence of fungal diseases has increased globally in recent years, which often associated with increased immunocompromised patients, aging populations, and the novel Coronavirus pandemic. Furthermore, due to the limitation of available antifungal agents mortality and morbidity rates of invasion fungal disease remain stubbornly high, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant fungi exacerbates the problem. Fungal pathogenicity and interactions between fungi and host have been the focus of many studies, as a result, lots of pathogenic mechanisms and fungal virulence factors have been identified. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics is a novel approach to better understand fungal pathogenicities and host–pathogen interactions at protein and protein posttranslational modification (PTM) levels. The approach has successfully elucidated interactions between pathogens and hosts by examining, for example, samples of fungal cells under different conditions, body fluids from infected patients, and exosomes. Many studies conclude that protein and PTM levels in both pathogens and hosts play important roles in progression of fungal diseases. This review summarizes mass spectrometry studies of protein and PTM levels from perspectives of both pathogens and hosts and provides an integrative conceptual outlook on fungal pathogenesis, antifungal agents development, and host–pathogen interactions.
Highlights
Fungal pathogenic diseases that cause high mortality and morbidity are increasing in prevalence globally, coincident with accelerating numbers of patients with COVID-19, HIV infection, and organ transplants (Hurtado et al, 2019; Stone et al, 2019; Heard et al, 2020; Hoving et al, 2020; Song G. et al, 2020; Yoon et al, 2020; Rawson et al, 2021)
This review will focus on the applications of Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics to examine protein and posttranslational modification (PTM) levels from perspectives of both pathogens and hosts, give a comprehensive opinion and novel outlook on fungal pathogenesis, antifungal therapy, and host–pathogen interactions
These results indicate that the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway is involved in cell cycle regulation and fungal transformation
Summary
Fungal pathogenic diseases that cause high mortality and morbidity are increasing in prevalence globally, coincident with accelerating numbers of patients with COVID-19, HIV infection, and organ transplants (Hurtado et al, 2019; Stone et al, 2019; Heard et al, 2020; Hoving et al, 2020; Song G. et al, 2020; Yoon et al, 2020; Rawson et al, 2021). In response to fungal attack, hosts alter the microenvironment and activate the immune system by modifying body temperature, oxidation levels, and metal contents, limiting nutrients, and increasing levels of inflammatory factors and immune cells (Hu et al, 2008; Butler et al, 2009; Kronstad et al, 2011; Kronstad et al, 2012; Saikia et al, 2014; Rohatgi and Pirofski, 2015; Hole and Wormley, 2016; Ballou and Johnston, 2017; Hansakon et al, 2019; Sun et al, 2019). This review will focus on the applications of MS-based proteomics to examine protein and PTM levels from perspectives of both pathogens and hosts, give a comprehensive opinion and novel outlook on fungal pathogenesis, antifungal therapy, and host–pathogen interactions
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