Pathoanatomic Risk Factors for Instability and Adjacent Segment Disease in Lumbar Spine: How to Use Topping Off?

Abstract

Purpose The goal of this review is to identify criteria indicating implantation of hybrid system into lumbar spine and to evaluate general benefits of use. Methods A systematic review of literature was performed using current randomized clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses. Data sources included relevant literature of human studies identified through searches of Medline Library until May 2015. Results Predisposing factors for Adjacent Segment Disease (ASDi) are discussed in literature: laminar horizontalization, insufficiency of fascia thoracolumbalis, facet tropism, and facet sagittalization. Currently there is no evidence for topping off. There are only 12 studies and these have no consistent statements about use of a hybrid system for avoidance of ASDi. Conclusion Hybrid instrumentation of lumbar spine, either with pedicle-based technique or additional spacer, might possibly prevent ASDi from developing in previously damaged segment adjacent to a fusion. Good clinical data proving effectiveness of this new implant technique is as yet unavailable. Thus, currently one must speak of an unevaluated procedure. Various radiological classifications can assist in making a reliable decision as to whether hybrid instrumentation is an appropriate choice of therapy. Pathoanatomical conditions of facet joints and laminae as well as preservation of sagittal balance must also be considered.