Abstract
Social network theory (SNT) holds that, once a critical number of migrants have settled in a destination, migration adopts a self-perpetuating character whereby movement tends to follow the `beaten track.' At this point, the migratory flow between two countries will no longer be strongly correlated to macro-level variables such as immigration policy. This implies that migrants from a given origin will continue to concentrate in the same destination even if other destinations offer easier possibilities for entry. The concentration of immigrants from one origin, predicted by SNT, is widely documented. However, we also see evidence of migrant flows reorienting away from locations where co-ethnics have historically settled. I develop an abstract, theory-driven agent-based model to help reconcile the existence of two apparently mutually exclusive outcomes under the framework of SNT. This model, which considers network-driven labor migration from Mexico to the USA from 1990 to 2013, demonstrates that network theory can explain the emergence of both path dependent migration systems as well as systems that shift in reaction to immigration policy, when return migration is taken into account. Return, a severely understudied aspect of migration, can help migration flows adapt to changes in immigration policy and follow the path of least resistance towards a new destination.
Highlights
Once a critical mass of migrants have established themselves in a destination, they help channel future flows to the same destination
I present a scenario where a migration corridor has been established between the origin and the traditional destination (k = 1), while comparably fewer migrants have settled in the alternative destination (k = 2)
Network theory holds the risk and cost reducing e ects of social ties make migration di icult for governments http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/ / / .html to control (Massey et al ). This implies that once a migration corridor has been established, flows will not reorient to an alternative destination when immigration policy becomes restrictive (De Haas )
Summary
). Individuals may set o with a particular migration goal in mind, but the location where their social networks are residing at a given point in time will play an important role in the decision to return or remain abroad. ). In this paper, I develop a conceptually simple, dynamic ABM, to demonstrate that migrant adaptation to policy change in network-driven migration can take place when we consider the e ect of return migration on future flows. When return migrants update their location status, they will a ect the out-migration utilities of their home-based ties.
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