Abstract
Research on paternalistic leadership identified three elements of this leadership style: authoritarian leadership, benevolent leadership, and moral leadership. To date, most of the studies treated these three elements as independent leadership styles. Yet the three elements are supposed to be interdependent and leaders often integrate these elements to exert influences over their subordinates. To address this issue, the current study took a holistic approach and examined how leaders integrate these three elements differently. Using latent profile analysis, we identified three paternalistic leadership profiles with varying levels of the three elements. These three profiles were associated different mean levels on a range of subordinate responses. Furthermore, leaders’ gender and education were found to affect the profile one leader belongs to. These findings advanced our understanding on paternalistic leadership.
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