Abstract
Abstract Measurement of indirect fitness benefits through sexual selection are simplified in the absence of obvious direct fitness benefits such as parental care (see Chapter 2). Analysis of the relative contribution of direct and indirect fitness benefits through mate choice quickly becomes difficult when both components are present. The expression of a secondary sexual character may reflect indirect fitness benefits such as male attractiveness or superior genetic constitution, but the extent of paternal care may also be reflected in the expression of a male sex trait. Therefore, the problem is to determine whether the expression of the secondary sex trait reflects direct or indirect fitness benefits to the female.
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