Abstract
Objective: The aim was to examine the effects of parental behaviors and the parent-child relationship on delinquency levels as well as growth rates among early adolescents, and to explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal influence of fathers and mothers. Method: The study used and analyzed data collected at Waves 1–3 (N = 2669, age 12.56 ± 0.71 years at Wave 1) in a six-year research project. Results: While both parents’ behavioral control significantly predicted a lower initial level of delinquency, only higher behavioral control of fathers predicted a fast increase in delinquency. In contrast, parental psychological control did not serve as significant predictors in the individual growth curve model. Besides, relationships of father-child and mother-child dyads negatively predicted the initial level of delinquency but not the rate of change in adolescent delinquency. When all factors were investigated simultaneously, fathers’ behavioral control and the relationship between mother and child were robust cross-sectional predictors, whereas only the latter was a stable longitudinal predictor of adolescent delinquency. Conclusions: Parenting and the parent-child relationship are predictors of adolescent delinquency. It is necessary to differentiate between: (1) adolescent delinquency level and its change rate over time; (2) different aspects of parent-child dyadic factors; and (3) paternal and maternal factors.
Highlights
Empirical findings suggest that children’s psychosocial and behavioral development is largely shaped by familial factors
While favorable family environment and favorable parenting characteristics such as responsiveness, warmth, and consistent discipline serve as protective factors, negative parental behaviors such as rejection, hostility, and psychological control act as risk factors [1,2]
To address the existing research gaps, this study explored whether three parenting characteristics predict the levels of adolescent delinquency, both concurrently and longitudinally
Summary
Empirical findings suggest that children’s psychosocial and behavioral development is largely shaped by familial factors. While favorable family environment and favorable parenting characteristics such as responsiveness, warmth, and consistent discipline serve as protective factors, negative parental behaviors such as rejection, hostility, and psychological control act as risk factors [1,2]. Limited research has considered parental impacts from multiple aspects simultaneously. Behavioral and psychological control and the parent-child relationship together. The vast majority of previous studies considered parenting characteristics from one parent or did not distinguish between paternal and maternal impacts. Compared with numerous studies investigating parental impacts on the level of delinquency, empirical efforts linking parental factors with the growth rate of adolescent delinquency in a longitudinal study are grossly inadequate [3].
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