Abstract
Abstract We investigate whether firm performance is related to the accumulated stock of technological knowledge associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and, if so, whether the firm’s history in 4IR technology development affects such a relationship. We exploit a rich longitudinal matched patent-firm data set on the population of large firms that filed 4IR patents at the European Patent Office (EPO) between 2009 and 2014, while reconstructing their patent stocks from 1985 onward. To identify 4IR patents, we use a novel two-step procedure proposed by EPO (2020, Patents and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Global Technology Trends Enabling the Data-Driven Economy, European Patent Office), based on Cooperative Patent Classification codes and on a full-text patent search. Our results show a positive and significant relationship between firms’ stocks of 4IR patents and labor and total factor productivity. We also find that firms with a long history in 4IR patent filings benefit more from the development of 4IR technological capabilities than later applicants. Conversely, we find that firm profitability is not significantly related to the stock of 4IR patents, which suggests that the returns from 4IR technological developments may be slow to be cashed in. Finally, we find that the positive relationship with productivity is stronger for 4IR-related wireless technology and for artificial intelligence, cognitive computing, and big data analytics.
Highlights
The last decade has witnessed increasing attention to the Fourth Industrial Revolution— on, 4IR (Schwab, 2017)
We investigate whether firm performance is related to the accumulated stock of technological knowledge associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and, if so, whether the firm’s history in 4IR technology development affects such a relationship
We identify 4IR patents by applying a novel two-step procedure proposed by the European Patent Office (EPO), which is based on a combination of Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC) codes and a full-text patent search of multiple keywords identifying 4IR technologies (EPO, 2020)
Summary
The last decade has witnessed increasing attention to the Fourth Industrial Revolution— on, 4IR (Schwab, 2017). The current academic literature on 4IR has mainly focused on (i) the potential technological disruption of 4IR (Benassi et al, 2020; EPO, 2020; Li et al, 2021; Martinelli et al, 2021) and the future consequences on employment (Frey and Osborne, 2017; Graetz and Michaels, 2018) and (ii) the analysis of specific 4IR technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) systems, robots, and the like (Cockburn et al, 2018; Dernis et al, 2019; Kromann et al, 2020) Despite this widespread interest, evidence on the implications of 4IR for companies is scant. We referred to academic articles and reports by international organizations, mainly, European Commission, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, EPO, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The common denominator comprises the following technological domains, for each of which we provide a brief description
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