Abstract
AbstractThe first underwater electromagnetic field sensor arrays were installed during World War II to measure and reduce the signatures of naval vessels and their associated susceptibility to actuating magnetic influence mines. Initially, inductive loops and high permeability cored search coil sensors were installed beneath the seafloor, inside protective nonmagnetic tubes, to measure the magnetic signatures of ships and to actively reduce them using a field cancellation technique called degaussing. Eventually, the sensor arrays were upgraded with triaxial magnetometers and, later, with electric field sensors. The historical developments to improve the underwater electromagnetic measurement arrays from 1940 to the present will be summarized, along with a discussion of potential future innovations that might materialize.
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