Passive Smoking and Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring among Bangladesh

Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun,Md Khalid Ebna Shahid Khan,Manzoor Hussain

doi:10.51407/mjpch.v27i1.120

Mohammad Abdullah Al Mamun, Md Khalid Ebna Shahid Khan + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.51407/mjpch.v27i1.120

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Abstract

Objective: Maternal active smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs), but the association between maternal passive smoking and risk of CHDs is inconclusive. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of passive smoking and the risk of development of CHD among Bangladeshi population. Methodology: It was a case control study, conducted from July 2018 to July 2019 in Paediatric Cardiology department of Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital. Parents of the children with CHD visiting the out-patient department of Dhaka Shishu Hospital was considered as cases. Controls were taken from parents of the children who don’t have congenital heart disease. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information on maternal active and passive smoking. Data was collected by using a structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest and analyzed by using SPSS version 21. Chi square test (ꭓ2), Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the associations between maternal passive smoking and all CHDs. Risk factors on bivariate analysis were introduced into a logistic regression model as independent factors and dependent variable was CHDs to find out the association between CHDs and maternal passive smoking. Results: Among case group no mother was active smoker, 51.9% were passive smoker and most of the cases source was husband, 19.6% took smokeless tobacco or green tobacco, 55.8% took tea and 5.8% took coffee during pregnancy period. On logistic regression analysis passive smoking (p=0.019) was independently associated with CHDs. Mother with passive smoking exposure had 1.5 times risk of developing CHDs compared to those who were not exposed. Conclusions: Passive smoking is significantly associated with CHDs.

Highlights

congenital heart defects (CHDs) represent approximately one-third of all congenital anomalies and are the most common group of congenital malformations, affecting almost 1% of live births throughout the world and one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality [1,2]
Risk factors on bivariate analysis were introduced into a logistic regression model as independent factors and dependent variable was CHDs to find out the association between CHDs and maternal passive smoking
Total 260 children having CHD was enrolled as cases and 280 children having no heart disease was taken as control

Summary

Introduction

CHDs represent approximately one-third of all congenital anomalies and are the most common group of congenital malformations, affecting almost 1% of live births throughout the world and one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality [1,2]. A latest meta-analysis of studies published between 1971 and 2011 found positive association for all CHDs with maternal smoking [11]. All types of parental smoking were associated with the risk of congenital heart defects, with an increase of 74% for men smoking, 124% for passive smoking in women, and 25% for women smoking, compared to no smoking exposure [12]. Less information has been reported on modifiable risk factors that may have an adverse effect on the cardiovascular development This has made difficult to create population-based strategies to reduce the burden of illness from CHDs and for couples to choose lifestyles to reduce the risk of delivering a child with CHDs. This study was performed to investigate the effect of passive smoking on the risk of developing CHD in Bangladesh population

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