Abstract
A passive ranging technique is presented which uses SNAP, the SACLANT Centre's normal‐mode model. A set of linear equations are obtained that allow a maximum likelihood estimate of the range of an acoustic source to be directly computed using any desired combination of modes. This is in contrast to the matched‐field techniques that use a search over forward solutions, each of which assumes a particular source location. The sensitivity of the technique to errors in the assumed sound velocity profile and tilting of the 16λ vertical receiving array is studied. Also, the effect of both white and colored noise is investigated. Results indicate that, for the scenario considered (Summer profile in the Mediterranean with a water depth of 130 m and source ranges of 10 and 25 km), the method can be quite robust to sound velocity profile errors on the order of several m/s and array tilts on the order of 1.5°. Solutions were obtained with input signal‐to‐noise ratios as low as − 17 dB.
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