Abstract
The temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution of animals are poorly understood primarily because of inadequate observation techniques. A new passive localization technique (acoustic tomography) is demonstrated that automatically localizes the positions of calling animals with rms errors of a few centimeters from measurements of the call's travel-time difference at several pairs of microphones [J. L. Spiesberger and K. M. Fristrup, Am. Naturalist 135, 107'153 (1990)]. Tomographic localization is significantly more precise (by factors from about 2 to 100) than passive acoustic techniques used previously because tomography accounts for and estimates the sound speed and wind fields as well as the positions of the microphones all of which significantly modify the travel-time differences. Computers are now fast and inexpensive enough for automatic localization of calling animals in large regions of forests and other terrestrial environments.
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