Abstract
Tile drainage waters carry considerable loads of phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields to rivers and streams in the Midwestern U.S. An innovative and economical approach to monitor dissolved reactive P (DRP) flux in tile waters is needed to understand the extent of P loss in field-scale. In this study, a passive sampling technique was developed using iron oxide-coated polyacrylic/polystyrene anion exchange resins (hybrid resins) a P sink. Laboratory batch adsorption isotherm and kinetic experiments indicated that the hybrid resins had high P adsorption capacity (7.69–19.84 mg/g) and high kinetic performance. The passive sampling method with field-calibrated hybrid polyacrylic resin and hybrid polystyrene resins (sampling rate: 0.1351 and 0.0763 L/h, respectively) predicted the average DRP concentrations of 0.006–0.020 mg/L, which did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the auto-sampling data. A rapid increase in DRP concentration during storm events and subsequent flooding events was also predicted well. In conclusion, a passive detection method using iron oxide coated hybrid resins can be recommended for monitoring seasonally fluctuating DRP flux in agricultural waters as long as the hybrid resins are well-calibrated under specific field conditions (e.g., flow rate and concentration range).
Highlights
Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural fields has long been an environmental issue due to its negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems such as eutrophication and hypoxia [1,2]
Recently dissolved reactive P (DRP) losses at high concentrations have been reported through tile drainage in the Lake
This study showed that a passive detection technique using hybrid resin bags is a promising technique to monitor DRP in tile drainage water
Summary
Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural fields has long been an environmental issue due to its negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems such as eutrophication and hypoxia [1,2]. Concentrations of DRP can range from
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