Abstract
H owever they define representative democracy, almost all participants and observers regard periodic and contested elections as prerequisites. Theorists study elections for their contribution to the responsible conduct of officials, especially lawmakers. Secret ballots, universal suffrage, and majority rule are elemental practices in elections between opposing candidates who usually run under the banner of political parties. Although democratic theorists pay considerable attention to ballot form, equality among voters (one person, one vote), inclusiveness of the electorate, and competitiveness between parties and candidates, they pay less attention to how candidates are nominated by parties. Yet observers of generic decisionmaking emphasize that the processes of generating and screening alternatives (or candidates) may be as important as processes of choice among those alternatives.
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