Abstract
The case of Romaine Brooks (1874-1970) illustrates the loss of autonomy and self-definition that women may experience as a result of not having a claim to citizenship in their own right. Drawing on original research, the chapter recounts how Brooks unwillingly became a mother, but rejected that identity, and lost her American citizenship by marrying a British man. Like Vivien, Brooks lived transnationally: she was born in Rome to American parents, educated primarily in Europe, and lived most of her adult life in Italy and France, with occasional visits to the US. Like Vivien, she was independently wealthy, and this status afforded her some privilege, but it could not shield her entirely from being defined by others in important areas of her life.
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